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性教育纳入大学必修课 如何开展陷尺度难题
2011年09月24日11:17来源：云南卫视
9月，一则“教育部要求性教育纳入大学必修课”的消息，引起社会极大反响。此前一个月，被誉为“北京市首部性教材”的《成长的脚步》因内容“过于直接”、“尺度太大”，陷入舆论纷争；紧随其后，沪上首本性教育教材《男孩女孩》刚上架就尴尬停售……至此，性教育仿佛陷入一个迷途。
性教育怎么走进学校？学术界“刻不容缓”的呼声不绝于耳，可合适的方法却少得可怜。
“我们站起来，双臂向身体两侧张开，双手垂下，这就好比一个女性子宫的形状，两个手就是卵巢。”从上世纪90年代起，上海的中小学开展防范艾滋病教育，上海交通大学医学院预防医学教研室教师蔡泳清楚记得：涉及生殖健康的部分，那时总被放在系列课程的最后一个环节，且多以游戏参与形式为主。蔡泳说，这是为了让孩子有个逐渐适应的过程，游戏也是为了让孩子“脱敏”。
“脱敏”，一个专业的医学名词。简单说，即通过某些药物或行为治疗，消除个体的敏感状态。在眼下沸沸扬扬的关于学校开展性教育的纷争中，有人就指出，其实不止孩子需要“脱敏”，一线授课老师、处于顶层设计的性教育专家，乃至广大老百姓都需要一次“集体脱敏”。此后，我们才能真正讨论青少年性教育当如何开展。
愁尺度不能过神秘，不能过开放
上世纪八九十年代，国家虽陆续发布青春期教育的要求与计划，但对“性教育”始终羞涩，而将其包裹于“青春期教育”、“健康教育”、“卫生教育”以及“防艾教育”中。
今年开学后，“大学性教育”突然成为大众关注热点。对此，华东政法大学心理咨询中心主任张海燕教授觉得有些费解。“教育部这次发文，其实是针对高校学生心理健康教育而颁布的一个教学基本要求此前，各所高校的心理教育就一直在开展，性教育也仅仅是其中的一部分。不知为何，大家突然关注这个部分！”
诚如张海燕所言，被媒体广泛引用的“性教育纳入大学必修课”新规，其实是教育部在今年9月发布的《普通高等学校学生心理健康教育课程教学基本要求》。其中关于心理健康课程的内容主要为“了解心理健康的基础知识”、“了解自我与发展自我”，以及“提高自我心理调适能力”三部分。在“提高自我心理调试能力”中，列出7种大学生容易遇到的心理问题：大学期间生涯规划及能力发展、学习心理、情绪管理、人际交往、性心理及恋爱心理、压力管理与挫折应对、生命教育与心理危机应对。
在张海燕看来，教育部这则新规的出台，是一次教育理念的改变，旨在强调关注学生心理发展各阶段的问题，媒体舆论仅仅关注“性教育”部分，曲解了教育部本义，误导了公众。
但也有人认为，外界之所以如此关注高校性教育，反映出国内性教育长期讳莫如深的状态。
新中国成立后，国家领导人先后关心过我国青少年性教育的开展情况。1963年，周恩来总理在全国卫生科技规划会议期间，就对医务工作者提出：“要在女孩来月经之前，男孩发生首次遗精之前，把科学的性知识告诉他们……让他们能用科学知识保护自己的健康，促进正常发育。”
根据曾任总理医疗组组长的吴阶平回忆，周恩来之所以关心青少年性教育，与他早年在南开大学求学期间接受过性教育有关。“他在青年时代学到的科学性知识使自己受益终生。周恩来总理健康的人格、高尚完美的精神情操，本身就是对性教育重要意义的佐证。”
不过，由于历史原因和文革影响，性教育在我国始终没有突破性的进展，至今是一个盲点。
1973年，吴阶平在一篇文章中写道，“周恩来派我到北京市教育局了解性教育开展情况。我发现了一个很奇怪的现象，当时仅有的一本关于性知识的教科书，发给学生时，里面有关性器官的插图全被撕掉了。原因是一个男生手指着插图冲着女生嘿嘿傻笑，女生生气跑掉了。于是就有了撕掉全部插图的决定。”
此后10年间，尽管国家陆续发布青春期教育的要求与计划，但官方对性教育始终羞涩，比如不敢直接提“性教育”，将它包裹于“青春期教育”、“健康教育”、“卫生教育”等名词中。
上世纪90年代，由于艾滋病开始在全球蔓延并进入中国，国内性教育附着在“防艾”主题上，悄然走进中小学课堂。
上海交大医学院预防医学教研室教师蔡泳曾亲历这个过程。1998年，接到教育部课题，交大医学院调配师资力量，开展以艾滋病为载体的性传播危害预防教育。整个授课过程也有所改变，不再是医学院的老师面向中小学生授课，而是由医学院的学生通过“同伴教育”的形式，做艾滋病方面的预防教育。课题组的考虑是，医学院的学生仿佛中小学生的大哥哥、大姐姐，由他们来讲课，效果会比老师好。
据悉，该套课程引进自澳大利亚，主要有6大模块：艾滋病知识介绍、经性传播的所有疾病、自我保护、反对歧视(对患病者的人文关怀)、自尊自信(与性行为有关，如何树立正确的性道德观与恋爱观，为自己、为对方负责)、以及生殖健康知识。考虑到国情，课题组将国外课程做了一些修改，比如将涉及性知识的生殖健康的内容，作为课程收尾阶段的最后模块。
由此，医学院也对医学生开展了严格的选拔与培训。“要跟医学生明确，授课时有两个"防止"，防止过于神秘、防止过于开放，要把握好这个度，进行正面引导。”蔡泳坦言，要通过培训让医学生把握好“神秘与开放”之间的尺度，着实有些难度。后来，学校只能通过班主任推荐，选择那些“品学兼优的好学生”，尤其是不能有“不良思想”。
愁师资“低端”不合格，“高端”无处寻
一个不争的事实是，孩子将越来越不匮乏性知识，性教育如何传递“性道德”更紧要。
如何把握尺度？不仅令当年的授课者无策，至今仍是未解之题。
今年8月，被媒体报道为“北京首部性教材”的《成长的脚步》问世，其中关于“我从哪里来”章节，该书写道：“爸爸阴囊里的睾丸可以产生精子，他们的样子像个小蝌蚪，活动能力特别强……为了让淘气的精子能尽快找到卵子，爸爸用阴茎插入妈妈的阴道里，用力把精子射入妈妈的阴道内……”
如此描述，外界哗然。有家长斥此为“黄色小书”，也有人称这是“时代进步”。
不止于大众，专业领域的意见也有较大分歧。关于此书，儿童性教育专家胡萍在博客上称，“向小学一二年级的孩子展示性交细节的图片和文字，不符合孩子们的认知发展规律……就像我们不可以在孩子小学阶段给孩子学习高等数学一样。”但社会学家李银河则在接受媒体采访时表示：“一点也不超前，这是一种相当不容易的进步。”
“专业的性教育专家、教材编写者等青少年性教育顶层设计者，尚且没有达成共识，这让一线教师怎么办？”在蔡泳看来，大方向未定，底层教师无所适从。
教材与师资力量的匮乏，成为一个连带问题。
9月，当教育部强调要在高校里开展包括性教育在内的心理健康教育时，就有人指出，在高校里再开设此类课程未免有些迟。事实上，蔡泳在与学生的接触中也得到同样的反馈。原来，防艾教育曾在大学里也开展过，在课程结束后的反馈中，大学生们表示，课程内容虽然不错，但感觉已经有点晚了，如果在更早的时候了解到这些知识更好。
相对而言，大学有实力比较雄厚的心理学科作为此类课程师资的补充，而中小学的师资则显得捉襟见肘。观察人士指出，中小学承担性教育课程的教师，多为卫生保健老师，他们普遍年纪较大，或是兼课的、或是濒临退休，这一代沟，让老师感觉授课时尴尬，学生接受程度也不好。当然，这也与卫生老师在学校普遍地位低，收入有限，难以吸引高学历者入职有关。
另一方面，虽然性教育课程不是主课，但对教师的要求其实很高，而且以后会越来越高。“归根结底，性教育课程不是性知识的传递要知道现在由于网络传播，孩子们接触此类知识的渠道很多，因此课程应关注性道德传递，如何树立正确的恋爱观等。”蔡泳直言，性知识，属于认知领域，对于个体而言，知识改变是容易的；而性道德属于行为领域，要影响一个人的态度、行为不易。由此，就需要讲授性教育课程的老师有相当强的人格魅力来影响、引导学生。
学术圈也认为，合格的性教育老师，应是介于青少年心理学、行为学、医学、教育学等领域的通才。
愁路径“他山之石”借鉴有限
青少年性教育是世界难题，国外“开放”多年，一些国家的性教育确实起步比我们早，但结果却未必好。
尽管纷争不断，但专业人士有个最大的共识：性教育开展是刻不容缓的。
蔡泳指出，以艾滋病为主的性传播疾病中，已经从多年前的以血液传播为主，发展到如今的以性传播为主，普通人受感染的风险将越来越高。“有一种观点认为，性教育没有必要，人们长大了就自然知道。但不可否认的是，存在着这样一批青少年，他们是在弯路中、在错误中懂得了这些知识，代价是惨重的。”
在张海燕看来，性教育最终要超越性知识，着眼于人格教育，帮助青少年健全性生理、性心理、性道德体系，成长为合适的男性与女性。“指引孩子成为合适的男性与女性是非常重要的。比如在恋爱中，有些大学生失恋了能够自我调节，但也有些人会将失恋上升为做人失败，进而走上绝路。”眼下，频繁在学校上演的青少年为情所困，继而发生自杀、伤害等恶性事件，与性教育尚不健全密切有关。
回到原点，还是一个怎么做的问题。纷争中，有人把眼睛投向海外，试图从国外青少年性教育中“取经”。
记者了解到，西方较为成熟的青少年性教育，是以个人培养、健康宣教、室外运动三个方面为推手。户外运动包括野营、攀岩、划船、越野、自行车拉练，甚至还有开车，常见于中学。国外的一个基本教育理念是：七年级开始是学生第二性状逐渐成熟的阶段，学校可以用一种体能锻炼的方式排解学生的青春期躁动。在健康教育方面，则强调人与人之间的相互尊重，以及性关系所连带的责任，也会教授如何吸引异性以及避免怀孕的方法。
当然，对性知识的“开放”也带来青少年性行为、以及性疾病陷入失控状态。采访中，澳洲一位中学教师告诉记者，目前澳洲采取“恩威并施”的方法，即告诉学生性常识，但同时制作了许多访谈类记录片，以当事人的角度述说各自的悲惨遭遇，以此达到威慑学生的作用。
“把各种可能导致的可怕后果，以及可采取的预防手段都告诉青少年，也是减少高危行为的一种方法。”近年来，在与国外医学同行的交流中，蔡泳观察到，一些国家的性教育确实起步比我们早，但是结果未必好，比如，少女怀孕以及性传播疾病数量不断飙升。荷兰和英国虽然在这方面已堪称“模范”，但至今仍在为青少年性教育问题而头痛。“说国外性教育比我们好，是好在环境宽松、大家接受程度高、教育者没有压力，至于教育的成效，不用评价过高。”
在专业人士看来，性教育是个极其庞大的课题，并非通过简单的知识灌输就能把青少年引导到正确方向上，树立本土性价值观尤为重要。但，我国关于性的研究始终还没有成为一门独立、成熟的学科，以至于性教育时而被指过于“隐晦模糊”，时而被指“简单粗暴”，蹒跚赶路难免跌跌撞撞。(记者 唐闻佳)来源文汇报) 
艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复
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| 图示∶2011年5月正式出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构事迹 |
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How to carry out compulsory sex education in university-scale subsidence problems
At 11:17 on September 24, 2011 Source: Yunnan TV
In September, a "Ministry of Education requires compulsory sex education in the university," the news aroused a great response. Previous month, known as "Beijing's first teaching materials" and "the pace of growth" because of the content "too direct", "large scale", into a public dispute; followed, first the sex education materials in Shanghai, "the boy Girls' just added to the embarrassment of sale ... ... At this point, as if caught in a sex education lost.
How sex education into the school? The field of "urgent," the voice heard, but very little can be a suitable method.
"We stand up, open your arms to your sides, hands hanging down, which is like the shape of a woman's uterus, ovaries is two hands." From the 1990s onwards, Shanghai's primary and secondary schools to carry out AIDS prevention education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Department of Preventive Medicine, Yong Cai teachers remember: the part involving reproductive health, when the total was on the last part of series of courses, and many forms of participation in the main game. Cai Yong said, This is to give children a gradual process of adaptation, the game is to make children "desensitization."
"Desensitization", a professional medical term. Simply put, namely, by certain medications or behavioral therapy, to eliminate the individual's sensitive status. In the present simmering dispute about sex education in schools, it was pointed out, in fact, more than children need to "desensitization", line teaching teachers, education experts at the top-level design, and even the majority of people need a "collective desensitization." Since then, we can really discuss sex education when young people how to carry out.
Scale can not worry too mysterious, not too open
The eighties and nineties, the state released in stages, although adolescent education requirements and plans, but "sex education" has always been shy, and wrapped in its "adolescence education", "health education", "health education" and "AIDS Prevention Education ".
This year, after school, "university education" has suddenly become a hot spot of public concern. In this regard, East China University of Political Science Professor Zhang Haiyan, director of Counseling feel a little hard to understand. "The Ministry of Education issued a document, in fact, mental health education for college students while teaching the basic requirements issued by a previous, the universities have been carrying out psychological education, sex education is only part of it. I do not know why we suddenly concerned about this part! "
As Zhang Haiyan said, quoted extensively by the media, "University of compulsory sex education into the" new rules, in fact, the Ministry of Education, released in September this year, "University students' mental health education teaching basic requirements." One of the major mental health course content of "Understanding the basics of mental health," "self-understanding and self-development" and "improve the self-psychological adjustment" of three parts. In the "ability to improve the self-psychological adjustment", list the seven kinds of students likely to experience psychological problems: university career planning and capacity development, learning psychology, emotional management, interpersonal, psychological and love psychology, stress management and deal with setbacks life education and psychological crisis response.
In Zhang Haiyan view, the Ministry of Education which is the introduction of new regulations is a change in educational philosophy, to concern about the psychological development of students in various stages of the problem, media and public attention only "sex education" section, distorted the original meaning of the Ministry of Education, mislead the public.
But others believe that the outside world is so concerned about sex education in colleges and universities, reflecting the long-term secrecy in sex education in the state.
After the founding of New China, China's leaders have been concerned about the conduct of sex education. In 1963, Premier Zhou Enlai in the National Health Science and Technology during the planning meeting, on the medical workers asked: "Prior to menstruation in girls, boys first wet dream happened before, the scientific knowledge to tell them ... ... so that they can use scientific knowledge protect their health, promote normal development. "
According to former Prime Minister, head of medical Jieping memories, Zhou Enlai, the concern about youth sex education, and during his early years studying at Nankai University, received about sex and reproduction. "In youth he learned the scientific knowledge to make their lifetime. Premier Zhou Enlai healthy personality, the spirit of noble sentiments perfectly, is itself evidence of the importance of sex education."
However, due to historical reasons and the Cultural Revolution, the impact of sex education in our country has not a breakthrough, has a blind spot.
In 1973, Jieping wrote in an article, "Zhou Enlai sent me to the Beijing Education Bureau to carry out sex education to understand the situation I found a very strange phenomenon, when only a textbook on knowledge, given students, which were all the illustrations of sexual organs torn out. because a boy pointing to illustrations Hey smirk directed at girls, girls angry and ran away. so there is tear up all the illustrations of the decision. "
After 10 years, although the state has issued adolescence education requirements and plans, but the official sex education has always been shy, for example, not directly mention "sex education", it would be wrapped in the "adolescence education", "health education", "health education "in such terms.
In the 1990s, as AIDS began to spread around the world and into China, the domestic education attached to the "AIDS Prevention" theme, quietly entered the primary and secondary school classroom.
Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Department of Preventive Medicine, Yong Cai teachers have witnessed this process. In 1998, the subject received the Ministry of Education, National Chiao Tung University School of Medicine deployment of teachers, to develop as a carrier of sexually transmitted HIV risk prevention education. The teaching process has changed, no longer a teacher for primary and secondary medical school teaching, but by medical students through the "peer education" in the form of doing AIDS prevention education. Task Force to consider is that medical students in primary and secondary students like big brother, big sister, and they are to give lectures, the effect will be better than the teacher.
It is reported that since the introduction of the set of courses in Australia, there are six modules: introduction AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases of all, self-protection against discrimination (the humane care of the sick), self-esteem (and sexual behavior, and how establish a correct view of sexual morality and comes to love, for themselves, responsible for each other), and reproductive health knowledge. Taking into account national conditions, the research group will do some changes abroad programs, such as the sexual content of reproductive health knowledge, as the last course finishing stage module.
As a result, Medical College for medical students to carry out a rigorous selection and training. "Keep clear of medical students, teaching, there are two" Prevention "to prevent too mysterious, to prevent too open, to grasp the degree of the positive guidance." Cai Yong admitted, through training programs for medical students to grasp the "mystery and open "between the scales, indeed, some difficulty. Later, the school can only be recommended by the teacher to select those "good character and scholarship students", especially not a "bad idea."
Worry teachers' low-end "unqualified," high end "nowhere to find
An indisputable fact is that children will increasingly lack of knowledge, sex education how to pass "moral" to be tighter.
How to grasp the scale? Year of teaching who not only made no policy is still an unsolved problem.
In August, the media reported as "Beijing's first teaching materials" and "the pace of growth," come out, which on the "I come from," chapters, the book writes: "My father's testicles in the scrotum can produce sperm, they look like like a tadpole, activity is particularly high. ... To make naughty sperm find the egg as soon as possible, and my father into the mother's vagina with the penis, the forced injection of sperm into the mother's vagina ... "
This description of the outside world outcry. Parents denounced this as "yellow book", which is also called "the times."
More than the general public, the views of areas of expertise also big differences. About this book, children's sex education expert Hu Ping, said in a blog, "second grade elementary school children to show details of sex pictures and text, do not meet the children's cognitive development law ... ... as we can not in primary school children stage as children learn mathematics. "sociologist Li Yinhe, but in an interview, said:" Not ahead, this is a quite easy to progress. "
"Professional education specialist, youth sex education textbook writers and other top designers, has not yet reached a consensus, so that classroom teachers how to do this?" Appears in the Cai Yong, the general direction of yet, the underlying teachers know what to do.
Lack of textbooks and teachers, as a related problem.
September, when the Ministry of Education stressed the need to include sex education in colleges and universities to carry out mental health education, including, it was noted that colleges and universities to open some of these programs is too late. In fact, Tsai Swimming in contact with the students also get the same feedback. Originally, AIDS prevention education has also been carried out at the university, after the end of the course feedback, students say, the curriculum is good, but it feels a bit too late, if at an earlier time to better understand the knowledge.
In contrast, universities have quite strong mental discipline, as teachers supplement these programs, and primary and secondary school teachers will look stretched. Observers pointed out that primary and secondary school teachers, take sex education courses, mostly for health-care teachers, they are generally older, or puts in a lot, or the verge of retirement, this generation gap, so that teachers feel embarrassed when teaching students to accept the degree of not good. Of course, this general health status of teachers in schools with low, limited income, it is difficult to attract the highly educated person entry.
On the other hand, although not the main subject of sex education, but the teacher is in fact high, and will become increasingly high. "After all, sex education is not a transfer of knowledge to know that due to network communication, the children's contact with many channels of such knowledge, so the curriculum should be concerned about sexual morality to pass, how to establish the right to love and so on." Cai Yong respect, of knowledge, is the cognitive domain, for the individual, knowledge change is easy; and moral behavior of the field is to affect a person's attitude, behavior is not easy. Thus, we need to teach sex education teachers have a very strong charisma to influence, guide the students.
Academic circles also believe that sex education teacher qualified, young people should be between psychology, behavioral science, medicine, education and other areas of the generalist.
Unhappy path "Stones from other hills," drawing on the limited
Sex education is the world's problems, foreign "open" for many years, sex education in some countries than we actually started early, but the result is not good.
Despite the disputes continue, but there is the greatest professional consensus: it is imperative to carry out sex education.
Yong Cai pointed out that sexually transmitted diseases, mainly AIDS, has spread from the blood many years ago to the main development today in order to sexually transmitted mainly ordinary people at risk of infection will be higher. "There is a view that sex education is not necessary, people will naturally grow up to know, but it is undeniable that the existence of such a group of young people, they are in the roundabout, in error to understand the knowledge, the cost of heavy The. "
Appears in Zhang Haiyan, sex is ultimately transcendent knowledge, focusing on character education to help young people improve the physiological, psychological, sexual and moral system, the growth of the right of men and women. "Guide the children into the right men and women is very important, such as in love, some students falling out of love to self-regulation, but some people will rise as the man failed romance, and thus brought ruin." Right now, frequently in the school staged young lovesick, and subsequent suicide, injury and other serious incidents, and sex education is not sound closely related.
Back to square one, or how to do a problem. Disputes, it was to invest in overseas eyes, trying to sex education in foreign countries "learn."
Reporters learned that the West is more mature, sex education, based on personal training, health education, three areas of outdoor sports promoter. Outdoor sports including camping, rock climbing, rowing, cross country, cycling zipper, and even driving, common in secondary schools. Abroad is a basic educational philosophy: the seventh grade students in the second character is the mature stage, the school can exercise in a physical way to resolve the student's adolescent restlessness. In health education, stressed the mutual respect between people, as well as the joint responsibility of sexual relations, will teach how to attract the opposite sex and avoid pregnancy.
Of course, knowledge of the "open" also brings adolescent sexuality, and sexual disease into out of control. During the interview, the Australian a secondary school teacher, told reporters in Australia to "incentives and penalties" approach, that tell the students of knowledge, but also produced a number of interviews with class documentaries to parties point tell their tragic experience, in order to achieve deterrence students role.
"Could lead to all kinds of terrible consequences, and preventive measures can be taken to tell young people, but also a way to reduce high-risk behavior." In recent years, exchanges with foreign counterparts in medicine, Cai Yong observed, some sex education in the country than we did start early, but the results may not be good, for example, teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases soaring number. Netherlands and the UK Although it has been called the "model", but still the problem of sex education for young people a headache. "We are better than that of foreign education, the environment is a good liberal, you accept the high level of education were no pressure, as the effects of education, do not overestimate."
In the professional opinion, sex education is a very large subject, not by simply impart knowledge to be able to guide young people in the right direction, and establish local sexual values is particularly important. However, the country of study has not yet become an independent and mature discipline, so that sometimes accused of sex education too "vague blur", sometimes accused of "brute", stumble their way inevitably stumble. (Correspondent Don smell good) source of Wen Wei Po)
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