黄盈盈:中国的性产业的生存现状与走向


黄盈盈:中国的性产业的生存现状与走向
    2010年05月31日 07:59中国日报网
    中国日报网消息:英文《中国日报》5月31日报道:中国的性产业到底有多大的规模?有人说是400-600万小姐,也有人说是上千万小姐。可以肯定的是,改革开放以来,中国的性产业复活且遍布每一个城市。尽管自80年代以来,政府实行禁娼制度和扫黄政策,但是性产业并没有因为扫黄和道德上的谴责而消失。 “找小姐”几乎成了男性(尤其是生意场)一个重要的社交文化。
    中国的小姐不是一个同质性的群体。“小姐”有全职的,也有兼职的;有只提供三陪服务,也提供直接的性服务。“小姐”有出入高档夜总会,一次性交易的价格上千元的,也有在公园里站街,一次生意二十元左右的。“小姐”有十七八岁小姑娘,也有四五十岁的大妈。“小姐”有未婚的,也有已婚的。
    现代性产业的组织形式也是多样化的。(1)半奴隶制度。这种制度下小姐与老板的关系是几乎奴隶与奴隶主的关系,小姐没有完全的人身自由,没有独立的收入。有些是以红灯区发廊的形式存在,也有以鸡头控制某个小姐的个体形式存在。(2)人身依附制度。典型的是 “包吃包住”的形式,小姐有自由来去的自由,但是受妈咪的控制。(3)雇佣制度。这种制度的特征是:小姐实行的是“上下班”制度,可以随时随意退出和离开。(4)个体经营制度。小姐自己独立经营,或夫妻店式的经营。
    这几种制度,在我们的研究中都碰到过。但是半奴隶的制度比较少见,往往出现在性产业不发达的内陆地区。实行人身依附制度的场所,往往处于城乡接合部或者交通线两侧。这些地方往往没有其他就业机会。自由雇佣制下,小姐的自主性比较强,收入靠市场调节,老板或者妈咪的提成比例一般是固定的,常见于经济发达的城市中心地带,或者性产业发达,而且实行公平竞争的地区。
    陷于半奴隶制的小姐,比自由雇佣制度和个体经营制度下的小姐,往往处于更加劣势的地位,更加容易遭受暴力,也更加容易得病以及传播疾病。
    经济因素是女性进入性产业的一个重要原因。从我们的研究经验看,家庭贫困(包括绝对贫困和相对贫困)、就业机会少,或者其他就业机会条件太差(比如工厂打工妹)等通常是小姐入行的重要动力。也有部分小姐的合理化解释具有更加积极的含义,如“为了更好的生活”,做小姐自由“好耍”,“能接触更多的人”,相对于原来的生活有更多上升的机会、外出的机会等等。
    大多小姐有过打工经历,之后经由朋友或者老乡介绍而进入性产业,也有小部分小姐通过广告(招聘服务人员)而进入性产业。近几年,熟人介绍,甚至是亲人介绍进入性产业的情况有所增加,“笑贫不笑娼”开始挑战性产业的匿名性特点。
    那么,入行之后,小姐面临的风险有哪些?很多艾滋病项目仅仅关注艾滋病或者性病,而忽略了小姐的其他行业风险。比如,大部分小姐会担心被熟人发现、被媒体曝光;害怕怀孕(流产)、妇科病等问题;来自老板、客人、某些警察的暴力也是一个担忧。最近若干年,小姐被杀或者被抢劫的案件数量在增加,而小姐的非法地位、匿名性、流动性和法律知识的缺乏等等特点增加了她们在人身安全和疾病风险方面的脆弱性。
    近年来,从数量上看,中国的性产业并没有大幅度的扩大或者减少。但是,伴随着中国社会的急剧变迁,性产业出现了一些新的现象和特点:
    性产业出现国际化趋向,跨境流动的情况有所增加;性产业更加向大中城市集中;为中年的、中低收入的男性提供的性服务有所增加;性服务的价格基本持平,略有降低的趋势;一些高档小姐开始向下流动;中国社会的性网络在扩大;毒品、冰台带来新的风险;某些地方进入性产业的渠道出现家族化倾向;性产业的网络化与性服务更加多样化;性产业中社会性别开始多样化,男性性工作者、跨性别性工作者开始显性化;性服务工作者面临的暴力开始显性化。
    小姐人群是艾滋病防治的一个重点。近年来,政府出台的各类政策法规等在制度和法律层面上促进了艾滋病的防治工作,在提供艾滋病健康知识、安全套使用等方面取得了很大的成效。
    但是,不可否认,非法、歧视,加上就业结构中的不利地位这些结构性的因素使得小姐往往处于非常弱势的法律和社会边缘地位。因为没有法律的保障以及自身缺乏法律方面知识和自我保护,在面临被抢劫、性暴力等问题时,她们很难向法律和其他部门寻求帮助。这种边缘地位也阻碍了艾滋病防治的有效开展和深入进行。另一方面,扫黄政策也直接影响到艾滋病干预效果。在不触及性产业存在的更为深层的社会经济背景,而仅仅对性交易进行严厉打击的背景下,性产业必然处于地下状态和更加隐秘的状态,“保护伞”与黑社会的卷入更加可能,“半奴隶制”与拐卖的形式则可能增加,疾病干预的难度也将增加。
    就法律政策而言,国际上流行的针对性产业的管理制度至少有三种:非法、合法、非罪化。但是,近年来,国际上有关性产业“非罪化”的讨论有所增加。如果从一个去政治化和去道德化的角度,而仅仅从防治艾滋病的传播这个角度来看,一些国家的经验表明,小姐的草根组织与政府机构的合作往往能够带来比较好的防治效果;而性产业中暴力的存在、小姐在传染艾滋病、性病方面的弱势地位的强化则不利于疾病的防治与更广范围内的人群的健康发展。(作者是中国人民大学性社会学研究所 黄盈盈)

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  • 黃盈盈:中國的性產業的生存現狀與走向
        
    2010年05月31日 07:59中國日報網
        
    中國日報網消息:英文《中國日報》5月31日報導:中國的性產業到底有多大的規模?有人說是400-600萬小姐,也有人說是上千萬小姐。可以肯定的是,改革開放以來,中國的性產業復活且遍布每一個城市。儘管自80年代以來,政府實行禁娼制度和掃黃政策,但是性產業並沒有因為掃黃和道德上的譴責而消失。
    “找小姐”幾乎成了男性(尤其是生意場)一個重要的社交文化。
        
    中國的小姐不是一個同質性的群體。 “小姐”有全職的,也有兼職的;有隻提供三陪服務,也提供直接的性服務。 “小姐”有出入高檔夜總會,一次性交易的價格上千元的,也有在公園里站街,一次生意二十元左右的。 “小姐”有十七八歲小姑娘,也有四五十歲的大媽。
    “小姐”有未婚的,也有已婚的。
        
    現代性產業的組織形式也是多樣化的。 (1)半奴隸制度。這種制度下小姐與老闆的關係是幾乎奴隸與奴隸主的關係,小姐沒有完全的人身自由,沒有獨立的收入。有些是以紅燈區髮廊的形式存在,也有以雞頭控制某個小姐的個體形式存在。 (2)人身依附制度。典型的是“包吃包住”的形式,小姐有自由來去的自由,但是受媽咪的控制。 (3)僱傭制度。這種制度的特徵是:小姐實行的是“上下班”制度,可以隨時隨意退出和離開。 (4)個體經營製度。
    小姐自己獨立經營,或夫妻店式的經營。
        
    這幾種制度,在我們的研究中都碰到過。但是半奴隸的製度比較少見,往往出現在性產業不發達的內陸地區。實行人身依附制度的場所,往往處於城鄉接合部或者交通線兩側。這些地方往往沒有其他就業機會。
    自由僱傭制下,小姐的自主性比較強,收入靠市場調節,老闆或者媽咪的提成比例一般是固定的,常見於經濟發達的城市中心地帶,或者性產業發達,而且實行公平競爭的地區。
        
    陷於半奴隸制的小姐,比自由僱傭制度和個體經營製度下的小姐,往往處於更加劣勢的地位,更加容易遭受暴力,也更加容易得病以及傳播疾病。
        
    經濟因素是女性進入性產業的一個重要原因。從我們的研究經驗看,家庭貧困(包括絕對貧困和相對貧困)、就業機會少,或者其他就業機會條件太差(比如工廠打工妹)等通常是小姐入行的重要動力。也有部分小姐的合理化解釋具有更加積極的含義,如“為了更好的生活”,做小姐自由“好耍”,“能接觸更多的人”,相對於原來的生活有更多上升的機會、
    外出的機會等等。
        
    大多小姐有過打工經歷,之後經由朋友或者老鄉介紹而進入性產業,也有小部分小姐通過廣告(招聘服務人員)而進入性產業。
    近幾年,熟人介紹,甚至是親人介紹進入性產業的情況有所增加,“笑貧不笑娼”開始挑戰性產業的匿名性特點。
        
    那麼,入行之後,小姐面臨的風險有哪些?很多艾滋病項目僅僅關注艾滋病或者性病,而忽略了小姐的其他行業風險。比如,大部分小姐會擔心被熟人發現、被媒體曝光;害怕懷孕(流產)、婦科病等問題;來自老闆、客人、某些警察的暴力也是一個擔憂。
    最近若干年,小姐被殺或者被搶劫的案件數量在增加,而小姐的非法地位、匿名性、流動性和法律知識的缺乏等等特點增加了她們在人身安全和疾病風險方面的脆弱性。
        
    近年來,從數量上看,中國的性產業並沒有大幅度的擴大或者減少。
    但是,伴隨著中國社會的急劇變遷,性產業出現了一些新的現象和特點:
        
    性產業出現國際化趨向,跨境流動的情況有所增加;性產業更加向大中城市集中;為中年的、中低收入的男性提供的性服務有所增加;性服務的價格基本持平,略有降低的趨勢;一些高檔小姐開始向下流動;中國社會的性網絡在擴大;毒品、冰台帶來新的風險;某些地方進入性產業的渠道出現家族化傾向;性產業的網絡化
    與性服務更加多樣化;性產業中社會性別開始多樣化,男性性工作者、跨性別性工作者開始顯性化;性服務工作者面臨的暴力開始顯性化。
        
    小姐人群是艾滋病防治的一個重點。
    近年來,政府出台的各類政策法規等在製度和法律層面上促進了艾滋病的防治工作,在提供艾滋病健康知識、安全套使用等方面取得了很大的成效。
        
    但是,不可否認,非法、歧視,加上就業結構中的不利地位這些結構性的因素使得小姐往往處於非常弱勢的法律和社會邊緣地位。因為沒有法律的保障以及自身缺乏法律方面知識和自我保護,在面臨被搶劫、性暴力等問題時,她們很難向法律和其他部門尋求幫助。這種邊緣地位也阻礙了艾滋病防治的有效開展和深入進行。另一方面,掃黃政策也直接影響到艾滋病干預效果。在不觸及性產業存在的更為深層的社會經濟背景,而僅僅對性交易進行嚴厲打擊的背景下,性產業必然處於地下狀態和更加隱秘的狀態,“保護傘”與黑社會的捲入更加可能,
    “半奴隸制”與拐賣的形式則可能增加,疾病干預的難度也將增加。
        
    就法律政策而言,國際上流行的針對性產業的管理制度至少有三種:非法、合法、非罪化。但是,近年來,國際上有關性產業“非罪化”的討論有所增加。如果從一個去政治化和去道德化的角度,而僅僅從防治艾滋病的傳播這個角度來看,一些國家的經驗表明,小姐的草根組織與政府機構的合作往往能夠帶來比較好的防治效果;而性產業中暴力的存在、小姐在傳染艾滋病、性病方面的弱勢地位的強化則不利於疾病的防治與更廣範圍內的人群的健康發展。
    (作者是中國人民大學性社會學研究所黃盈盈) Huang Ying Ying: China's sex industry and to the survival status
        
    At 7:59 on May 31, 2010 China Daily
        
    China Daily News: English, "China Daily" reported on May 31: China's sex industry in the end how much size? Some say 400-600 Miss Wan, said that tens of millions of others miss. To be sure, the reform and opening up, China's sex industry all over every city and resurrection. Although since the 80's, the Government has introduced prohibition of prostitution system and the anti-vice policy, but the sex industry and not because of anti-vice and moral condemnation of the disappeared. "Miss looking" almost became a man (especially the business market) is an important social and cultural.
        
    Miss China is not a homogeneous group. "Miss" are full-time, but also part-time; have to provide escort services only, but also provide direct services. "Miss" different from high-end nightclubs, one-time trading price a thousand dollars, and also in the park station Street, a business of around 20 yuan. "Miss" with 17-year-old girl, also 45-year-old aunt. "Miss" are unmarried, and also married.
        
    Organizational form of the modern sex industry is also diverse. (1) semi-slavery. Lady and the owner of this system is the relationship between slave and master relationship is almost, miss no complete personal freedom, no independent income. Some of these are red-light district in the form of a hair salon, also has to control a lady adorned the individual form. (2) personal attachment system. Typically, "Baochibaozhu" form, have the freedom to come and go, Miss freedom of expression, subject to the control of Mommy. (3) employment practices. This system is characterized by: Miss is one of "the work" system, you can always free to quit and leave. (4) individual operating system. Miss their own independent business, or mom and pop type operations.
        
    These types of systems, in our study were encountered. However, the system of semi-slavery relatively rare, are often developed in the inland areas of industry. Personal attachment system in place to implement, often in urban high or lines on both sides. These places often have no other employment opportunities. Free employment system, the independence of Miss relatively strong earnings by the market regulator, the boss or the Mummy's commission is a fixed proportion of the general, common in economically developed urban center, or the sex industry developed and implemented in areas of fair competition.
        
    Miss a semi-slavery than freedom and self-employment system, under the young lady, often in a more inferior position, more vulnerable to violence, but also easier to get sick and spread disease.
        
    Women into the economic factor is an important reason for the sex industry. From our research experience, the family poverty (both absolute and relative poverty), less employment opportunities, or other bad conditions of employment opportunities (such as factories working girl) so often miss an important driving force into the line. Also explain some of the rationalization of Miss has a more positive meaning, such as "for a better life", so Miss Freedom "Haoshua", "could reach more people," compared to the original increase in life have more opportunities the opportunity to go out, etc..
        
    Most have had working experience, Miss, and then introduced by a friend or fellow to enter the sex industry, there are a small part of the Miss advertising (recruitment officer) to enter the sex industry. In recent years, an acquaintance introduced, and even loved ones introduced into the sex industry have increased, "laughed poverty but not prostitution," began to challenge the anonymity of the sex industry characteristics.
        
    Then, after joining, Miss What risks? Many projects focus only on AIDS or sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, the neglect of other sectors of Miss risk. For example, most would fear Miss acquaintance discovered by the media exposure; fear of pregnancy (abortion), gynecological problems; from the owners, guests, some of the police violence is a concern. Recent years, been robbed or killed miss the number of cases is increasing, while the lady's illegal status, anonymity, liquidity and lack of legal knowledge so characteristic increases their risk of disease in the physical aspects of security and vulnerability.
        
    In recent years, in volume terms, China's sex industry is not greatly expanded or reduced. However, with the rapid changes in Chinese society, the sex industry there are some new phenomena and features:
        
    International Trend of the sex industry there, cross-border flows have increased; the sex industry is more concentrated to the cities; for the middle-aged, middle-income men to provide sexual services has been increasing; of service prices were unchanged in slightly decreased; some of Miss Gao Dang a downward flow; Chinese society in the expansion of the network; drugs, the risk of new ice station; some places the channel into the sex industry there family tendency; sex industry network and more diversified services; sex industry began in gender diversity, male sex workers, transgender sex workers began to dominance; sex workers face violence began dominance.
        
    Miss AIDS population is a priority. In recent years, the Government has introduced various policies and regulations and other legal aspects of the system and to promote the prevention and treatment of AIDS, in the provision of health knowledge of AIDS, condom use and achieved great results.
        
    However, it is undeniable, illegal, discrimination, coupled with the structure of employment in the disadvantaged position of these structural factors make Miss often in a very vulnerable legal and social marginalization. Because there is no legal protection and their own lack of legal knowledge and self-protection, in the face of looting, sexual violence and other problems, they find it difficult to legal and other departments for help. This marginal status is also hampered the effective implementation of AIDS prevention and in-depth. On the other hand, anti-vice policies have a direct impact of AIDS intervention. There does not touch the sex industry in more depth the socio-economic background, but only to crack down on the sex trade against the background of the sex industry must be more hidden in the ground state and the state, "umbrella" and triad involvement more likely, "semi-slavery" and the form of trafficking is likely to increase, the disease will also increase the difficulty of intervention.
        
    On legal policy, the international pop industry management system targeted at least three: illegal, legal, decriminalized. However, in recent years, the international sex industry related "non-crime" of discussing the rise. If from a de-politicized and de-moralization point, but only in the Fight Against AIDS, the spread of this perspective, some countries experience has shown that grass-roots organizations and Miss cooperation with government agencies are often able to bring more O.K. control effect; The presence of violence in the sex industry, Miss HIV infection, sexually transmitted diseases is not conducive to a weak position to strengthen disease prevention and in the broader context of people's healthy development. (The writer is of the Chinese People's Institute of Sociology, University of Huang Ying Ying)