文/郭静 通讯员/韩雪媚 郝黎 谢智菲
名词解释：恐艾综合症？
恐艾综合症：又称为艾滋病 恐惧征（简称“恐艾症 ”）。指高危人群对自己身体不适时，就认为是感染了艾滋病病毒，而出现的强烈恐惧、焦虑、抑郁、强迫、疑病等多种心理症状和行为异常的心理障碍 。
近段时间，一种被称为“阴性艾滋病”的“沉默瘟疫”席卷了网络与各大媒体，造成很多曾经有过高危性行为的人们提心吊胆，怀疑自己是否被艾滋病所感染。
针对“阴性艾滋病”的说法，国家卫生部从2009年开始到至今，展开了为期两年的调查，让一群自认为患有“阴性艾滋病”的人经过多次检测证实未感染艾滋病毒，且也没有证据表明，该人群患有其他某种传染病。卫生部的澄清，并没有打消“恐艾族”的疑虑，这类人群始终是“将信将疑，惶惶不可终日”地生活着，让一些原本正常的人也加入到了“恐艾族”行列中。
“恐艾”是病吗？需要治疗吗？应如何克服“恐艾”心理？专家表示，“恐艾症”需要及时地进行心理疏导和心理治疗 。
诱因各异但状态却大同小异
据广东三九脑科医院心理行为医学科主任张延赤介绍，“恐艾族”大多有一定躯体症状，如胸痛、心悸、疲乏，头晕、头痛 、腹痛、体重下降、咳嗽、便秘、视物旋转等，这类人群会反复上网查询、拨打咨询热线，或去做艾滋病抗体检测，或者在多家医院做过非常全面的检查却仍查不出具体是什么疾病，却又总对阴性结果持怀疑态度。
张延赤表示，由于该人群拒绝承认自己是心理疾病 ，对自己因恐惧导致的种种情志方面的问题没有正确认识和及时疏导，从而导致身体、心理出现一些不适的症状。究其诱因,形式是多种多样，如有因为在理发店理发时刮胡子 刮破皮后，认为理发店的刮刀不干净，会被血液传播得艾滋病，之后出现反复洗脸症状；有的参加无偿献血 后，担心采血时所使用的针头不干净，怕自己被传染艾滋病的，对血产生恐惧；有的则是在乘坐公交车 时遭“性骚扰”后出现担心会被染上艾滋病；更多的则是在进行了高危性行为后产生害怕感染艾滋病心理……
病痛的原因是过度焦虑偏执人格
“不管是什么诱因导致的恐惧艾滋病心理，此类人群均有类似的心理状态。常见的有强迫、疑病、焦虑等几种症状，同时伴有抑郁、恐惧情绪。”张延赤称，“恐艾族”大多非常关注自身健康。有些患者还易自我强化，不断给自己暗示。情绪是可以引起生理反应。如紧张焦虑时，会有出汗、胃肠蠕动缓慢、便秘、心慌等不舒服的感觉。普通人过一阵子就会对此释怀，而“恐艾者”只会定向地认为这是自己“有艾滋病”的表现，哪怕检测查不出来。
广东省人民医院精神科主任、医学心理研究室主任谢永标 坦言：“我们收治过一些恐艾症患者，让这些患者一直查不出病因却感到受‘病痛’折磨的真正原因是心理冲突，过度焦虑、内心道德冲突和偏执人格，使得任何检测都没有说服力。如果该类患者心病不除，任何检测在这些所谓的‘阴性感染者’面前都没有说服力，他们还会执著于寻找所谓的‘病根’。”
恐艾症患者需心理治疗
在接触中，谢永标发现很多患者存在着激烈的内心冲突。他们大多有过高危性行为，而这往往在他们的道德标准体系中是“不道德行为”。“发生性行为，用心理学的语言来说，是‘本我’的需要，而‘超我’在道德层面指责他们，‘你这样做不对，是要受到惩罚的’。”谢永标分析说，由于最后道德战胜了本能，他们在潜意识中选择了“得病即受惩罚”，是对错误行为负责,以此来为自己的行为开脱，逃避内心的折磨。实际上，这是一种内心防御机制的合理化，为了证明自己是正确的，宁可让自己变成内心最恐惧的“艾滋病病人”。
“对于这些恐艾症患者，医学专家的结论和检测结果重复百遍也是无力的，他们最需要的是接受心理治疗，打开心结，弄清楚是什么经历、哪些内心冲突，让他们陷入‘艾’的迷思中执迷不悟。”广州白云心理医院精神科副主任医师沈家宏说，其实，这种病症也反映出该类人群的性格缺陷。面对这一群体，对他们及时地进行心理疏导和心理干预，再适时开些抗焦虑药，用以缓解、排除内心的疑虑，进而帮助来访者澄清情绪困扰，质询患者认知偏差，帮助其客观评估自身状况(包括风险水平、躯体症状、情绪与行为冲突等)，学习有效管理情绪，恢复社会功能。
专家提醒
不要因“恐艾”
而拒绝性
很多“恐艾”者同时是“恐性”者，他们通常在经历过高危性行为后出现“恐性”心理甚至拒绝性爱，认为性行为是艾滋病传染的极高危行为。张延赤称，“恐艾”者的“恐性”心理一般与童年经历的性冲突有关，当下的性冲动将成长过程中的性冲突与性恐惧唤醒，并与个体的道德观相冲突，因此当事人会觉得不道德、耻辱、不舒服，所以要压抑性。这类人可以通过心理治疗对性重新认识，可以逐渐打开心结，消除“恐艾”与“恐性”。
沈家宏表示，在远离艾滋病和“恐艾症”方面，应做到：①性生活做好防护。只要不“乱交”，固定性伴侣就不会感染艾滋病，但根据近几年临床病例看，固定性伴侣更容易使人放松警惕，少用甚至不用安全套。②拒绝多个性伴侣。多个性伴侣容易感染艾滋病与个体在多个性伴侣交往中感染性病分不开，个体在患上性病后更容易感染艾滋病病毒。
艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复
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| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
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Psychological intervention: "fear of AIDS are" out of the shadow of medicine not because of "fear of AIDS" and refuse sex
Yangcheng Evening News April 12, 2011
Figure / Eastern IC
Wen / Guo correspondent / Han Xue-Mei Hao Li Xiezhi Philippines
Glossary: fear of AIDS syndrome?
Ai fear Syndrome: also known as the fear of AIDS symptoms (referred to as "fear of AIDS disease"). Refers to the high risk of their not feeling well, for that is infected with the AIDS virus, the emergence of intense fear, anxiety, depression, obsession, hypochondriasis, and other psychological symptoms of psychological disorders and behavioral abnormalities.
Recently, a condition known as "negative AIDS," the "silent epidemic" swept through the network and major media, resulting in high-risk sexual behavior have had a lot of people live in fear, doubt whether she was infected with AIDS.
For "negative AIDS," saying the Ministry of Health from 2009 to date, launched a two-year investigation, so that a group thought to suffer from "negative AIDS," After several tests confirmed the person is not infected with HIV, and are there is no evidence that the population suffering from some other infectious diseases. Ministry of Health to clarify, did not dispel the "fear of AIDS family" concerns, such people always are "skeptical, constant state of anxiety" to live, so that some people who had normal to the "fear of AIDS family" ranks.
"Fear of AIDS" is the disease? Need treatment? How to overcome the "fear of AIDS," Psychology? Experts said that "fear of AIDS disease" need in a timely manner to psychological counseling and psychotherapy.
Different but the state was largely the same incentives
According to the Guangdong thirty-nine Brain Hospital Zhang Yan, director of psychological and behavioral medicine red, the "fear of AIDS family" most of them have a certain physical symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, fatigue, dizziness, headache, abdominal pain, weight loss, cough, constipation, visual rotation, these people will be repeated online queries, call the hotline, or do HIV antibody testing, or in many hospitals did a very comprehensive examination of what is still can not find the specific disease, but the total support of the negative results suspicion.
Yen-Chi said that as the crowd refused to admit that he is mental illness, for fear of their own emotions and lead to the various aspects of the problem is not the correct understanding and timely diversion, leading to physical and psychological symptoms of some discomfort. Study the incentives many forms, if any, as the barber in the barber shop scratch the skin after shaving, barber shop blade that is not clean, will be the blood spreads AIDS, the symptoms appear after repeated washing; some participation After blood donation, fear of needles used when blood is not clean, for fear that they have been the spread of AIDS, fear of blood; some of them are on the bus when being "sexual harassment" after the fear of being infected with AIDS; more The high-risk sexual behavior is doing the fear of HIV infection resulting from mental ... ...
Pain due to excessive anxiety paranoid personality
"No matter what incentives lead to psychological fear of AIDS, such groups have a similar state of mind. Common are forced, hypochondriasis, anxiety and so are several symptoms, accompanied by depression, feelings of fear." Yen-Chi said, " Family fear of AIDS, "they are more concerned about their health. Some patients also easy to self-reinforcing, and constantly to their own cues. Emotions can cause physiological responses. Such as anxiety, there will be sweating, slow gastric motility, constipation, palpitation and other discomfort. Which ordinary people will be relieved for a time, and "fear of AIDS were" directed only to think that this is their "with AIDS" performance, even if detected not check out.
Director of Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital of Psychiatry, Medical Psychology Research Office Renxie Yong standard admits: "We treated some patients with fear of AIDS, so that these patients have not find the cause but felt by the 'illness', the real reason for torture is the psychological conflict, excessive anxiety , inner moral conflict and paranoid personality, makes any detection are not convincing. If the heart of these patients are not eliminated, any detection of these so-called 'negative infections' are not convincing before they will be persistent in finding the so-called' root cause '. "
Fear of AIDS patients need psychological treatment
In contact, Xie Yong-standard that many patients there is a fierce internal conflicts. Most of them had high-risk sexual behavior, which is often in their moral standards is "immoral behavior." "Sex, the language of psychology, it is 'the I' need, 'superego' in the moral blame them, 'you do not, is to be punished'." Tse Wing-standard analysis is that the Finally, the instinct of moral victory, they selected in the subconscious, "disease that is punished" is the wrong actions, in order to justify their actions, to avoid torment. In fact, this is a defense mechanism of rationalization of the heart, to prove he is right, would rather let themselves into the most inner fear "of AIDS patients."
"For these patients with fear of AIDS, medical experts, the conclusions and results are also unable to repeat a hundred times, they need most is receiving psychological treatment, open minded, to find out what experience, what inner conflict, so that they fall into 'Ai 'The Myth of the unrepentant. "Guangzhou Baiyun Mental Hospital, Dr Chenjia Hong, deputy director of psychiatry, said, in fact, the disease also reflects the kind of crowd defects of character. Faced with this group, for their timely psychological counseling and psychological intervention, and then prescribe anti-anxiety drugs in due course, to alleviate and remove the inner doubts and also to help visitors clear emotional distress, cognitive bias question patients to help them objective assessment of their condition (including risk levels, physical symptoms, emotional and behavioral conflicts, etc.), learning to effectively manage emotions and restore social functions.
Experts advise
Not because of "fear of AIDS"
Refuse sex
A lot of "fear of AIDS" who is also the "fear" of those who experienced high-risk sexual behavior usually occurs after "fear" of mental or refuse sex, that sex is a very high risk of HIV transmission behavior. Yen-Chi said, "fear of AIDS" by the "fear" of psychological general and childhood experiences of sexual conflict, the moment of the sexual impulses of the growth process in the wake of conflict and of the fear and moral values and individual conflict Therefore the parties will feel immoral, shame, discomfort, so repressive. Such people can be re-understanding of psychological treatment for sexual, can gradually open minded, eliminate the "fear of AIDS" and "fear of sex."
Chen Jiahong that far away from AIDS and the "fear of AIDS disease", the should be: ① sex life good protection. They do not "promiscuity," fixed partners will not be infected with HIV, according to clinical cases in recent years, see, fixed guard makes it easier for partners, less condom use or not. ② refused to multiple partners. Multiple sexual partners vulnerable to AIDS and the individual contacts in multiple sexual partners infected with sexually transmitted diseases inseparable, the individual more likely to suffer from sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection after.
