宋圭武观点1：经济增长动力是三重动力的立体耦合

经济增长动力是三重动力的立体耦合。

关于经济增长动力的研究模型很多。总体看，一些对经济增长动力的研究，往往多注重于某一方面，或者注重要素层面，或者注重制度层面，或者注重文化层面。本人认为，经济增长动力应是综合的，应是要素、制度、文化三重动力的耦合，是一个立体结构。

经济增长的第一重动力是要素动力。要素包括土地、资本、劳动力以及各种自然资源等。抛开制度、文化等因素影响，相对而言，拥有丰富要素的国家，自然会比要素稀缺的国家发展更有优势。但要素动力是一种短期动力。另外，要素动力还可能会产生“要素诅咒”，比如“资源诅咒”等问题。要素动力也是一种表层直接动力。

经济增长的第二重动力是制度动力。制度提供了要素的配置规则。抛开要素、文化因素，相对而言，拥有更有效制度的国家，经济增长会更持久，更健康。制度动力和要素动力相比，制度动力不是短期动力，而是中期动力，其对经济增长的作用时间要比要素的作用时间更为持久，因为同一制度不存在用尽的情况。另外，在作用的层面上，制度动力是一种中层动力，因为其对经济增长的作用比要素更为间接。好的制度应满足：创新性、竞争性、人本性、公平性。满足创新性，就是好的制度要有利于激发创新精神；满足竞争性，就是制度要引入竞争机制；满足人本性，就是制度要符合人性原则；满足公平性，就是制度设计要符合公平公正原则。

经济增长的第三重动力是文化动力。这里的文化是狭义文化，主要是指价值观。文化对经济增长有持久的影响。马克思·韦伯说：“如果说我们能从经济发展史中学到什么，那就是文化会使局面几乎完全不一样。我们应从更广泛的经济繁荣的决定因素来理解文化的作用。”《国富国穷》一书作者戴维·S·兰德斯也认为，富国的发展和衰落，穷国的发展和落后，文化也是重要的变量，甚至是决定性的变量。文化不仅是经济增长的长久动力，也是经济增长的深层动力。因为文化对经济增长的作用是不直接的，是通过制度、人的素质而间接作用于经济增长。首先，文化不同，人的价值观就不同，最终人与人博弈的制度均衡就不同。其次，文化不同，同一制度运行的效率也不同。比如，同样一种制度，在面子文化和血缘文化背景下，运行是一种结果，若没有面子文化和血缘文化背景，运行则必然是另一种结果。好的文化，应富含敬畏、理性、诚信意识。

最终，要素、制度、文化，三重动力互相耦合，形成立体合力，决定了一个国家短期或长期的经济增长速度和质量。

目前，中国经济如何进一步挖掘动力潜力，需要注重全面开发要素、制度、文化三重动力，形成立体合力，推动中国经济持久发展或长期稳定增长。在要素动力方面，要更加注重发挥好劳动力要素的优势；在制度动力方面，要更加注重制度的公平建设；在文化动力方面，尤其要注重敬畏和诚信建设。敬畏和诚信，是社会有规则的重要保障。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 1: The driving force of economic growth is the three-dimensional coupling of three driving forces

The driving force of economic growth is the three-dimensional coupling of three driving forces.There are many research models on the driving force of economic growth.On the whole, some studies on the driving force of economic growth tend to focus on one aspect, or on the factor level, or on the institutional level, or on the cultural level.I believe that the driving force of economic growth should be comprehensive, should be the coupling of the three driving forces of factors, institutions and culture, which is a three-dimensional structure.The first driving force of economic growth is the factor driving force.Factors include land, capital, labor and various natural resources.Putting aside the influence of institutions, culture and other factors, relatively speaking, countries with rich factors will naturally have more advantages than countries with scarce factors.But factor driving force is a short-term driving force.In addition, factor driving force may also produce "factor curse", such as "resource curse" and other problems.Factor driving force is also a direct surface driving force.The second driving force of economic growth is the institutional driving force.Institutions provide the rules for the allocation of factors.Putting aside factors, cultural factors, relatively speaking, countries with more effective institutions will have more sustainable and healthy economic growth. Compared with the factor dynamics, the institutional dynamics is not a short-term dynamic, but a medium-term dynamic. Its effect on economic growth is more lasting than that of the factors, because there is no exhaustion of the same system.In addition, in terms of the level of action, the institutional dynamics is a medium-level dynamic, because its effect on economic growth is more indirect than that of the factors.A good system should meet the following requirements: innovation, competitiveness, human nature and fairness.To meet the needs of innovation, a good system should help stimulate the spirit of innovation;to meet the needs of competitiveness, the system should introduce a competitive mechanism;to meet the needs of human nature, the system should comply with the principle of human nature;to meet the needs of fairness, the system design should comply with the principle of fairness and justice. The third driving force for economic growth is cultural dynamics.Culture here refers to culture in a narrow sense, mainly referring to values.Culture has a lasting impact on economic growth.Max Weber said, "If we can learn anything from the history of economic development, it is that culture can make almost completely different.We should understand the role of culture from the broader determinants of economic prosperity."David S. Landes, the author of the book Rich Countries and Poor Countries, also believes that culture is an important variable, even a decisive variable, in the development and decline of rich countries and the development and backwardness of poor countries. Culture is not only a long-term driving force for economic growth, but also a deep-seated driving force for economic growth.Because culture does not directly affect economic growth, but indirectly through the system and people's quality.First of all, different cultures have different values, and the ultimate institutional balance of the game between people will be different.Secondly, different cultures have different efficiency in the operation of the same system.For example, the same system, in the context of face culture and blood culture, is one result, and if there is no face culture and blood culture background, it will inevitably be another result.A good culture should be full of awe, rationality and integrity.Finally, the three driving forces of factors, institutions and culture are coupled with each other to form a three-dimensional synergy, which determines the speed and quality of a country's short-term or long-term economic growth.At present, how to further tap the potential of China's economy requires the comprehensive development of the three driving forces of factors, institutions and culture to form a three-dimensional synergy to promote China's sustained economic development or long-term stable growth.In terms of factor driving force, more attention should be paid to giving full play to the advantages of labor factors;in terms of institutional driving force, more attention should be paid to the construction of fair institutions;in terms of cultural driving force, special attention should be paid to the construction of awe and integrity.Awe and integrity are an important guarantee for the rule of society.