摘要：专业关系是个案工作顺利开展的基础，也是达成社会工作服务目标的重要保障。本文溯源了个案工作专业关系的萌发、职业化与科学化、多元化、整合、发展反思等五个阶段的形成与发展历程及其对应的不对等救助关系、职业化救助关系、专业助人关系、兼具专业性和职业性的助人关系、重技术轻情感的助人关系等五种专业关系；回顾社会工作理论的各学派也发现它们的学术主张都不同程度地强调专业关系在社会服务中的作用，重视专业关系的建立与发展。但在目前我国的个案服务中，社会工作者和案主之间往往不自觉地形成了与专业关系相对的非专业关系，容易在信任基础、情感互动、时间限度、利益交换、关系地位等方面偏离个案工作的专业本质，具体表现为基于熟人信任的人情关系、基于私人情感的双重关系或多重关系以及兼具专业关系、工作关系、朋友关系等多种关系的融合，对社会工作服务效果造成负面影响，阻碍服务的有效开展。对此，本文基于差序格局及关系向度理论，分别从传统文化及现实制度两个层面解释了个案工作中非专业关系的形成机理，认为，一方面，中国的宗族、血缘、姓氏、人情等因素，传统的待人接物原则，以及基于人情世故的人际交往法则，共同促成了个案工作专业关系的背离；另一方面，社会工作服务的开展主要依赖于政府购买服务、社会工作机构脱嵌于社区等制度性因素，也容易导致个案工作专业关系的偏离。基于此，在基于承认的第三方评估合法性概念框架的指导下，本文最后从以评促建出发，探讨专业关系的再构及从非专业关系走向专业关系的实现机制，即建立社会工作的政治合法性、专业合法性、社会合法性和法律合法性，构筑起公众对于社会工作的制度信任，从而促成非专业关系走向专业关系。本研究为促进政府购买服务中社会工作者和案主之间的良性互动、提升个案工作实践服务效果提供了中国情境下的理论依据。

　　Abstract：Professional-client relationships are the foundation for the smooth implementation of case work and an important guarantee for achieving social work service goals. This article traces the formation and development process of professional-client relationships in case work through five stages: the emergence, professionalization & scientization, diversification, integration, and reflective development, as well as their corresponding unequal assistance relationships, professional assistance relationships, professional helping relationships, dual professional and occupational helping relationships, and technically oriented helping relationships. Reviewing various schools of social work theory, it is also found that they all emphasize to at varying degrees the role of professional-client relationships in social services and the importance of establishing and developing professional-client relationships. However, in the current context of case services in China, social workers and clients often unconsciously form non-professional-client relationships that are in opposition to professional-client relationships, which deviate from the professional nature of case work in terms of trust, emotional interaction, time limits, interest exchanges, and relationship status. This is manifested concretely in the fusion of relationships based on familiarity and trust, dual or multiple relationships based on personal emotions, as well as the integration of various relationships encompassing professional-client relationships, work relationships, and friendships. These deviations have negative impacts on the effectiveness of social work services and hinder their successful implementation. In light of this, based on the theories of ‘Orderly-diversity Pattern’ and relationship dimensions, this article explains the mechanisms underlying the formation of non-professional-client relationships in case work from two levels: traditional culture and current institutional factors. It argues that, on one hand, factors such as Chinese kinship, blood relations, surnames, and personal relationships, as well as interpersonal rules based on social conventions, collectively contribute to the deviation of professional-client relationships in case work. On the other hand, the development of social work services mainly relies on government purchasing services and the detachment of social work organizations from communities, which also leads to the deviation of professional-client relationships in case work. Based on this, guided by the concept framework of legitimacy based on recognized third-party evaluation, this article finally explores the reconstruction of professional-client relationships and the realization mechanism of transitioning from non-professional-client relationships to professional-client relationships. This includes establishing the political legitimacy, professional legitimacy, social legitimacy, and legal legitimacy of social work, building public trust in the institutional aspects of social work, and thus promoting the transition from non-professional-client relationships to professional-client relationships. This study provides a theoretical basis for promoting positive interactions between social workers and clients in government purchasing services and improving the effectiveness of case work practice services in the Chinese context.

　　出处：《社会工作》，2023年第第4期，第1-18页，封面文章

　　全文链接：《个案工作中的专业关系：溯源及在中国情境下的再构》