语言学习与文化
一、英语学习与西方文化
武汉大学哲学院
目前,社会上很多人以为英语只要能通过四六级考试,能够开口说英语就是学得好,这其实是一个认识误区。如同我们从小学习中文一样,我们往往是通过对中国文化了解的加深而不断提高中文应用的水平,学英语也是这个道理。如今,我们热衷于把英语当语言的技巧来模仿,而忽视西方文化的学习,最终的结果往往是“有技巧,没文化”。
语言是有生命力的东西,任何一种语言都是不断成长丰富的,它离不开养育它的文化土壤。
目前,无论是各级学校的英语考试,还是社会上的英语等级测试,都有偏重考试能力的倾向。这种倾向导致英语测试目的背离了检测英语运用和思考能力的初衷,而沦为对试卷“打勾”和“打叉”选择能力的考试。“这是一种不健康的学习趋势。
二、英语学习与中国文化
受上面的观点启发,我想,中国人学英语除了上述的了解西方文化外,为了有效表达自己的思想,是否还须了解自己的传统文化思想和英语表达方式呢?
目前中小学正在提倡综合学习,同时一些人士提倡诵读中国经典,有人担心中国传统文化在中小学教育中的失落,使思想价值观正在形成之中的中小学生忽视汉语的学习、疏远传统文化。另一方面,具体到外语学习结果,学生学了多年外语却不知道"孔子"用英语怎么说,《红楼梦》、《三国演义》等中国古典文学名著在英语中该怎样翻译。已故著名英语教育家许国璋教授曾指出“小学生专注外语,通盘的文化基础自然削弱”。
在对外汉语教学日益受到重视且一些外国学习者希望在了解中国语言的同时也希望了解中国的文化。今年有些国家的对外汉语教师招聘中明确要求应聘者应同时熟悉中国文化,如京剧、中国民歌等等。看来对那些只知学习英语表达技巧的人来说,要在老外面前展示一下中国传统的文化,恐怕要捉襟见肘了,甚至在某些方面知道得还不如老外多。
那么我们能否把诵读经典和英语学习结合起来作为一种综合学习呢?我想是可以的。这种方法除了学习内容的相互结合外,从学习规律来说,既然许多中国学生英语时已经用汉语建立起了对世界的认识,我们何不利用这一基础,让学生阅读有关中国文化的英语材料,由于文化内容接近本土,易于理解和掌握,学生可通过猜词悟义提高阅读速度,增强学习兴趣(尤其是在外语学习的开始阶段),可是目前在外语学习中没有体现相应的内容。目前广泛使用的各种英语教材中,与中国文化相关的课文内容微乎其微。这不仅从文化价值方面来说不合适,从认知过程来说也不适合,使学生失去了认知的支撑点,所谓"抛锚式学习"中的"锚"已无处可抛。
在这种情况下,如果哪位老师有能力有兴趣,不妨就这方面开一两次选修课总是可以的吧。
以下是从《日英典故谚语辞典》(日英故事ことわざ辞典)中摘录的一些来自中文经典中的语句及其英文释义(日语的典故谚语中保留了不少本属于中国文化中的东西)。你会发现对照阅读也颇有意思。
(由于不同文化之间的熟语所表达的思想不可能完全一致,故用"="代表直译,是就汉语的字面意思的英译,用"≈"表示"类似于",其后是英语中的固有的谚语):
(1)勿以恶小而为之、勿以善小而不为=Never do evil deed no matter how trifling.≈The worst is behind≈Of one ill come many.
(2)从善如流=Follow what is good as constantly and smoothly as a stream.≈To follow virtue like its shadow≈Never be weary of well doing.
(3)正其谊不谋其利=In doing things, act according to reason and not to profit.≈He that follows nature will never be out of his way.
中国典故熟语中包含的儒家思想,为人处世的道理,会潜移默化地影响着学习者的道德境界。以下就积善养德,修身养性方面试举一二。
修身要慎独,"莫见乎隐,莫显乎微,故君子慎其独也"(《礼记•中庸》),要不欺暗室,"芝兰生于深林,不以无人而不芳"(《孔子家语•在厄》)。做人要堂堂正正,"仰不愧于天,俯不怍于人"(《孟子•尽心上》)。修身在于养性,"皓齿蛾眉,命曰伐性之斧" (汉枚乘《七发》)。要安心立命,顺天者昌,逆天者亡:
(1)慎独,不欺暗室=Man should be true to his conscience when alone.≈Good conscience is a continual feast.
(2)芝兰生于深林,不以无人而不芳=The bletilla stay fragrant even in a deep mountain forest whether or not there are people who appreciate them.≈Do on the hill as you would do in the hall.
(3)仰不愧于天=I am not morally ashamed of myself before God or man≈The conscience is a thousand witnesses.
(4)安心立命=To resign oneself to one's fate and make peace with God.≈Let everymen be content with his own level.
(5)顺天者昌,逆天者亡=He who follows Heaven will proper, while he who acts against Heaven's will perish.≈He that follows nature is never out of his way.
半部《论语》治天下,儒家经典《论语》给人的教益也最多。例如,要求人不断学习,善于思考,承认自己无知,勇于改正错误:
(6)性相近,习相远≈Birth is much, but breeding is more.≈Nurture and good manners maketh man.≈Nurture is above nature.
(7)学而不思则罔=Getting at the truth of what you have learned requires meditation≈ Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit.≈A mere scholar, a mere ass.
(8)朝闻道夕死可矣=If a man learns truth in the morning, he may die in the evening without regret ≈The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
(9)不怨天不尤人=Whatever happens, one must not quarrel with providence or blame others. ≈Do well and have well≈Do well and doubt no man;
(10)过则勿惮改=Don't hesitate to correct an error. ≈Never too late to mend a mistake;
特别是有关修身为"仁"的熟语颇多,要人学做君子,达到中庸:
(11)其身不正,虽令不从=If the top person behaves correctly, all others will follow.≈If the staff be crooked, the shadow cannot be straight.≈Like master, like man.
(12)克己复礼为仁=Control selfish desire and return to civil ways≈He get a double victory who conquers himself.
(13)杀身以成仁=To practice virtue at the sacrifice of oneself.≈A candle lights others and consumes itself.
(14)巧言令色鲜有仁=Fine words and flattering looks lack sincerity.≈A honey tongue, a heart of gall.
(15)己所不欲勿施于人=Don't do to others what you would not wish them do to you.≈Do as you would be done by.
(16)知者不惑;勇者不惧=A wise man never wavers, a brave man never fears. ≈The resolved mind has no cares.
(17)知者乐水,仁者乐山=The virtuous mind is as calm as the mountain, free from earthly worries.≈Virtue is the beauty of the mind.≈Our peace shall stand as firm as rocky mountains≈A quiet conscience sleeps in thunder.
(18)过犹不及=To go too far is not to go far enough≈More than enough is too much .≈ Too much a good thing is good for nothing.
《论语》还有许多其他为人处事的哲理语句:
(19)有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎=What better pleasure is there than a visit from an old friend from afar?≈It's merry when friends meet.≈Old friends, and old wine, and old gold are best.
(20)君子和而不同=A man of virtue sings in unison but never echoes another's word.≈One must draw the line somewhere≈He keeps his road well enough who gets rid of bad company.
(21)人无远虑,必有近忧=If one takes no thought about what is distant, he shall find sorrow near at hand≈One good forewit is better than two afterwits.≈Forecast is better than work-hard.≈ Forewarned is forearmed.
《荀子》强调学习与环境的重要,《为学》中有,"冰,水为之,而寒于水;青,取之于蓝而胜于蓝","蓬生麻中,不扶自直":
(22)青出于蓝胜于蓝≈The scholar may be better than the master.
(23)蓬生麻中,不扶自直≈Keep good men company, and you shall be of the number.
《老子》的语句则反映了一些哲学智慧:
(24)合抱之木,生于毫末;九层之台,起于累土≈Great oaks from little acorn grow;
(25)大道废,有仁义;国家昏乱,有忠臣 ≈Ill manners produce good laws;
(26)信言不美,美言不信=Truth has no need of rhetoric≈All are not friends that speak us fair.
上述的有些语句只是为了力求找到英语中的匹配语句,所以翻译得比较生硬。如果要针对中学生和大学生开设这样的选修课,在不违背中文经典语义的基础之上对英语语句加以简化,变得更为浅显易懂。这方面可以参考外语教育与研究出版社出版的《论语》、《老子》等英汉对照本,从中选取一些比较精华的语句。
当然有人会质疑,认为一国的语言与其文化是紧密相连的,语言本身就是文化的组成部分,学英语应紧密联系西方文化。另一些人会说,中国经典中的内涵有些是英语难以表达的。确实,不同的语言词汇表达同一种思想难免有差异。对于前者,我认为,如今已作为国际语言的英语,在具体到每一国家运用的过程当中,已不自觉地把自己国家民族的东西渗透到英语之中。对于后者,我认为,既然某些经典语句连中国人自己都有多种解释,用英语来解释其要义力求达到近似,虽不那么准确,但也未尝不可。难道中国文化就神秘到不能用英语来向国际表达和宣传交流了?