宋圭武观点13：公平是一个四维范畴

现在我跟各位交流一下公平问题。

关于公平的文献很多。比如，古希腊智者卡克利斯认为，优者比劣者多得一些是公平的，强者比弱者多得一些是公平的。柏拉图、亚里士多德、伊壁鸠鲁、霍布斯等人，也给出了关于公平的不同观点，还有功利主义的公平观，还有机会均等的公平观等。还有马克思主义的公平观等。一些西方学者甚至认为，公平就是不嫉妒。还有罗尔斯的作为公平正义的两个原则等。还有德沃金的资源公平观，还有阿马蒂亚·森的能力公平观等。

本人认为，公平是一个四维范畴。

首先，公平具有价值维特性。价值观是公平的一个重要维度。人们认识和实现公平，总是要受特定价值体系的制约。

其次，公平具有领域维特性，也就是在不同的领域公平有不同的体现。一般而言，公平应当体现在政治、经济、文化三个领域。在政治领域，所谓公平，核心是政治权力分配，标准应体现以德为先，德才兼备原则。

在经济层面，所谓公平，主要是经济收益分配的均衡。收益主要有两类经济收益：来自先天资源的收益和来自后天劳动的收益。

对于来自先天资源的收益，公平的分配原则应是收益平均分享。为什么应是平均分享原则？这里我们可以做一个“无主的黄金”的假设，假设地球及宇宙中的先天资源就是一块丢在路上的没有主人认领的黄金，人类就是过路人。在现实中，若一群过路人遇到了这块无主黄金，这时，过路人如何分配这块黄金才更为公平？显然就是人人平均分配。对于地球和宇宙中的先天资源而言，人类不仅是假设，实质就是过路人，所以，对于这些地球上和宇宙中没有借助人类的力量而生成的资源的收益，对于每一个来到世间的人而言，公平的分配原则就是大家平均分享收益，这也是为大家所共同接受的一种分配方式。

对于后天因人类劳动而产生的收益，公平的分配原则应是按劳分配。

但问题是，有些人由于遗传等原因，在劳动能力等方面具有先天的不足，但这种不足不能归结为个人的原因。所以，按劳分配也是有缺陷的。为了弥补先天资源收益平均分配和后天按劳分配的不足，就需要有人道原则做补充，其中完善的社会保障制度就是对这种不足的一种必要补充。

在文化领域，公平的体现就是要有公平精神，就在要在人文精神中体现己所不欲、勿施于人等理念。

再次，公平具有时间维特性。公平总要涉及到权利义务或资源的配置，而权利义务或资源的配置就需要考虑一个时间因素。有些配置在短期内是符合公平原则的，但未必在长期内就符合公平原则。目前全球注重可持续发展，就是考虑到公平的时间配置问题，也就是我们不仅要考虑到当代人之间的公平，也要考虑到当代人与后代人之间的公平问题。

第四，公平具有空间维特性。权利义务或资源的配置不仅涉及到时间区间的考虑，也涉及到空间区间的考虑。有些配置可能在局部空间看，是符合公平原则的，但若放在一个更大的空间看，就是不公平的。

由于公平具有多维特性，所以，公平就像希腊神话中早期海神普罗透斯的脸，变幻无常，可随时呈现不同形状并具有极不相同的面貌。面对公平的多维特征，我们如何解决公平问题，也是对人类智慧的一种考验。

关于公平就谈这些，谢谢各位，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's view 13: Fairness is a four-dimensional category

Now I want to talk to you about fairness. There are many literatures on fairness.For example, the ancient Greek sage Kakeris believed that it is fair for the superior to get more than the inferior, and the strong to get more than the weak.Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, Hobbes and others also gave different views on fairness, as well as the utilitarian view of fairness, the equal opportunity view of fairness and so on.There are also Marxist views on fairness.Some western scholars even believe that fairness is not jealous.There are also Rawls's two principles of fairness and justice.There are Dworkin's view of resource fairness, and Amartya Sen's view of ability fairness.I believe that fairness is a four-dimensional category.First of all, fairness has value dimension.Value is an important dimension of fairness.People's understanding and realization of fairness are always restricted by a specific value system.Secondly, fairness has domain dimension, that is, fairness has different manifestations in different fields.Generally speaking, fairness should be reflected in the three fields of politics, economy and culture.In the political field, the so-called fairness, the core is the distribution of political power, and the standard should reflect the principle of virtue first and both ability and virtue. In the economic level, the so-called fairness is mainly the equilibrium of economic income distribution.There are mainly two types of economic income: the income from innate resources and the income from acquired labor.For the income from innate resources, the fair distribution principle should be the average sharing of income.Why should it be the principle of average sharing?Here we can make a hypothesis of "unowned gold", that is, the innate resources on earth and in the universe are a piece of gold that has no owner and is lost on the road, and human beings are passers-by.In reality, if a group of passers-by encounter this piece of unowned gold, then how will the passers-by distribute this piece of gold more fairly?Obviously, everyone will distribute it equally.For the innate resources on earth and in the universe, human beings are not only hypothetical but also essentially passers-by. Therefore, for the income of these resources generated on earth and in the universe without the help of human beings, for every person born into the world, the fair distribution principle is that everyone shares the income equally, which is also a commonly accepted distribution method.For the income generated by human labor acquired, the fair distribution principle should be distribution according to work. But the problem is that some people have congenital deficiencies in labor ability due to genetic and other reasons, but such deficiencies can not be attributed to personal reasons.Therefore, distribution according to work is also defective.In order to make up for the inadequacy of the equal distribution of congenital resource benefits and the acquired distribution according to work, it is necessary to make a supplement with humane principles, among which the perfect social security system is a necessary supplement to this inadequacy.In the cultural field, the embodiment of fairness is to have a fair spirit, which is to embody the concept of doing to others what you do not want to do to yourself in the human spirit.Third, fairness has the characteristics of time dimension.Fairness always involves the allocation of rights and obligations or resources, and the allocation of rights and obligations or resources needs to consider a time factor.Some allocations are in line with the principle of fairness in the short term, but not necessarily in the long term.The current global focus on sustainable development is to take into account the issue of fair time allocation. That is to say, we should not only consider the fairness between contemporary people, but also consider the fairness between contemporary people and future generations.Fourth, fairness has the characteristics of space dimension.The allocation of rights and obligations or resources involves not only the consideration of time interval, but also the consideration of space interval. Some configurations may be in line with the principle of equity in a local space, but if put in a larger space, it is unfair.Because of the multi-dimensional nature of equity, equity is like the face of Proteus in early Greek mythology, which is capricious and can take on different shapes and have very different appearances at any time.In the face of the multi-dimensional nature of equity, how we solve the problem of equity is also a test of human wisdom.That's all about equity. Thank you very much. Thank you.