宋圭武观点14：知识与道德：如何充分合一

今天跟各位交流一下知识和道德问题。

知识与道德，二者既对立，又统一。

说对立，一是二者属于不同的理性范畴。知识更多体现工具理性，道德更多体现价值理性。二是知识也解构道德。知识的技巧性，为解构道德埋下了伏笔。同时，在现实世界，知识解构道德的事也多有发生。知识解构道德的结果是，让道德面子化和形式化。

说统一，是因为知识的增长也有助于道德的增长。这包括两个方面。一是关于道德知识的增长，让道德本身增长。知书达理，大体就是这种情况。在知中犯错，与在不知中犯错，还是有区别的。有知，总是一种约束。二是关于自然和社会知识的增长，当知识进入大智慧阶段，也有助于道德建设。小成靠智，大成靠德。真正有大智慧的人，必然是更注重道德的。

如何让知识与道德充分合一，关键要树立敬畏意识。注意，这里的敬畏，不是指宗教和迷信层面的敬畏，是基于理性和大智慧的敬畏，是基于科学唯物主义的敬畏。坚持敬畏也是马克思主义的一个基本观点。如，恩格斯在《自然辩证法》中说：“我们不要过于陶醉于我们人类对于自然界的胜利。对于每一次这样的胜利，自然界都对我们进行了报复。”这就是科学唯物主义敬畏意识的深刻体现。

为什么有了敬畏，道德与知识就能充分合一？因为知识与道德，对立的主要原因是有利益这个心中贼。如何约束这个心中贼，关键在敬畏，关键要让心中贼时时战战兢兢，如履薄冰。所以，心有敬畏，人自然就多规规矩矩，多本本分分，多老老实实，不敢胆大妄为。

问题是敬畏从何而来，教育是基础工程。在教育的元素中，应充分加入敬畏的成分。

教育如何改革？第一，要摆脱教育的功利主义倾向。功利主义背景下的教育本质是异化的。书中自有黄金屋，书中自有颜如玉。这样的教育激励、培育出来的人不腐败是不可能的。因为他读书的目的，就在黄金屋，就在颜如玉。第二，教育的重点任务应是塑造学生的灵魂，而不应只关注增加学生的知识。第三，教育如何塑造灵魂，关键是要在学生的灵魂深处，植入对大自然和生命热爱的元素。第四，教育如何体现对大自然和生命的热爱，一是在教育中要大力培育节俭意识。二是要以整体最优观代替个体最优观的教育考核方式。要把实现整体最优列为考核学生学习成绩的主要标准，而不是以个体最优为主要考核标准。第五，如何实现教育大转变，一是要发挥好政府的主导作用。二是教师要发挥好榜样引领作用。因为道德教育不同于知识教育，是身教重于言教。光说不做，教育出来的学生必然也是光说不做。老师是两面人，学生也多是两面人。如此，学校教师选拔，一定要注重道德优先，要把社会最优秀的人选拔为教师。教师队伍建设，也要道德优先，对教师要比社会其他人有更高的道德要求。国家还要努力改善教师的待遇，让教师成为全社会最让人羡慕的职业。

好，谢谢各位，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 14: Knowledge and Morality: How to Completely Integrate

 Today I'd like to talk with you about knowledge and morality.Knowledge and morality are both opposite and united. Opposite, firstly, they belong to different rational categories.Knowledge embodies more instrumental rationality, while morality embodies more value rationality.Secondly, knowledge also deconstructs morality.The skill of knowledge has laid the foundation for deconstructing morality.Meanwhile, in the real world, knowledge deconstructs morality quite often.The result of knowledge deconstructing morality is that morality becomes faceless and formalistic.United, because the growth of knowledge also helps the growth of morality.This includes two aspects.Firstly, the growth of moral knowledge makes morality itself grow.This is roughly the case of being knowledgeable and reasonable.There is a difference between making mistakes in knowledge and making mistakes in ignorance.Knowledge is always a kind of constraint.Secondly, the growth of natural and social knowledge, when knowledge enters the stage of great wisdom, also helps moral construction.Small success depends on wisdom, and great success depends on morality.Those who truly have great wisdom will definitely pay more attention to morality.How to fully integrate knowledge and morality? The key is to establish a sense of awe.Note that the awe here does not refer to the religious and superstitious level of awe, but the awe based on rationality and great wisdom, and the awe based on scientific materialism. Adhere to the awe is also a basic view of Marxism.For example, Engels in the "dialectical nature" said: "We should not be too intoxicated with our human victory over nature.For every such victory, nature has taken revenge on us."This is the profound embodiment of scientific materialism's consciousness of awe.Why can morality and knowledge be fully integrated with awe?Because the main reason for the opposition between knowledge and morality is the interest of the thief in the heart.How to restrain the thief in the heart, the key is awe, the key is to make the thief in the heart always fear and trembling, like walking on thin ice.Therefore, the heart is in awe, people naturally more rules and regulations, more honest, more honest, dare not act boldly.The question is where the awe comes from, education is the basic project.In the elements of education, the elements of awe should be fully added.How to reform education?First, we should get rid of the utilitarian tendency of education.The essence of education under the background of utilitarianism is alienation.There is a golden house in the book, there is a Yanruyu in the book.It is impossible for such education to stimulate and cultivate people without corruption.Because his purpose of study is in the golden house, in the Yanruyu.Second, the key task of education should be to shape the soul of students, rather than only focus on increasing students' knowledge. Third, how to shape the soul of education, the key is to implant the elements of love for nature and life in the depths of the soul of students.Fourth, how to embody the love for nature and life in education, first, we should vigorously cultivate the consciousness of thrift in education.Second, we should replace the individual optimal view with the overall optimal view of education assessment.We should list the realization of the overall optimal as the main standard for assessing students' academic performance, rather than the individual optimal as the main assessment standard.Fifth, how to achieve a big change in education, first, we should give full play to the leading role of the government.Second, teachers should play a good role in setting a good example.Because moral education is different from knowledge education, and moral education is more important than rhetoric.If we only talk and do nothing, the students we educate will also be only talk and do nothing.Teachers are two-faced, and students are also two-faced.Therefore, in the selection of school teachers, we must pay attention to moral priority, and select the most outstanding people in society as teachers.In the construction of teacher contingent, we should also give priority to morality, and have higher moral requirements for teachers than other people in society.The country should also strive to improve the treatment of teachers, so that teachers will become the most enviable profession in the whole society.OK, thank you very much. Thank you.