解读信号速度与狭义相对论
胡良
深圳市宏源清实业有限公司
摘要：信号速度与相对速度具有完全不同的内涵。信号速度是物质的内禀属性；相对速度是物质之间的相对运动属性。
关键词：信号速度，相对速度，狭义相对论，能量，光子，万有引力，广义相对论，量子三维常数
分类号：O412,O413
作者：总工，高工，硕士，副董事长
1狭义相对论与充分必要条件
你是你妈妈生的儿子，并且与你妈妈的运动状态无关，这是正确的。
You are the son of your mother and have nothing to do with your mother’s exercise status. This is correct
你妈妈生的儿子一定是你，就不一定正确了；因为，你妈妈生的儿子可能是你的兄弟。
Your mother's son must be you, which is not necessarily correct; because your mother's son may be your brother.
光源辐射的光子相对于光源都是光速；并且，光速与光源的运动状态无关，这是正确的（并且也被观测验证了）。
The photons radiated by the light source are all at the speed of light relative to the light source;Moreover, the speed of light has nothing to do with the motion state of the light source, which is correct (and has also been verified by observation).
光子相对于任何光源的速度一定是光速，并不一定是正确的；因为，光源可能不是辐射该光子的光源。
The speed of photons relative to any light source must be the speed of light, which is not necessarily correct;
Because the light source may not be the light source that radiates the photon.
相对论存在的理由及逻辑缺陷，许多物理学的专业人士，都坚快支持相对论，因为他们认为相对论是现代物理学的基础，已被众多实验证实。
Many physics professionals firmly support the theory of relativity because they believe that the theory of relativity is the basis of modern physics, which has been confirmed by many experiments.
事实上，现代物理学的基石是最大的信号速度是光速。
In fact, the cornerstone of modern physics is that the maximum signal speed is the speed of light.
洛伦兹变换成立的真正原因是由于存在背景空间的力（万有引力，库仑力等）；
由于背景空间力的影响，才有洛伦兹变换；由于背景空间力的影响，才有速度的变化。
速度与洛伦兹变换具有联系；实际上，就是，背景空间力的影响结果。
The real reason for the establishment of the Lorentz transformation is due to the force of the background space;
Because of the influence of the background space force, there is the Lorentz transformation;
Because of the influence of the background space force, the speed changes;
Speed is related to the Lorentz transformation; in fact, it is the result of the influence of the background space force.
洛伦兹变换存在的边界条件是，力与物质运动的方向相互垂直。
如果力的方向与物质运动的方向平行，则是伽利略变换。
The boundary condition of the Lorentz transformation is that the direction of force and the movement of matter are perpendicular to each other.
If the direction of force is parallel to the direction of movement of matter, it is a Galileo transformation.
如果力与物质运动的方向相互之间有角度，则是，部分洛伦兹变换及部分伽利略变换。
从几何上来说，就是勾股定理；从矢量的角度来说，可采用平行四条形法则（正交分解法则）。
If the direction of force and matter movement are at an angle to each other, then it is part of the Lorentz transformation and part of the Galileo transformation.
Geometrically speaking, it is the Pythagorean theorem; from the vector point of view, the parallelogram rule (orthogonal decomposition rule) can be used.
在地球上，相对于地球运动越快的孤立量子体系，受到的地球引力越小。
例如，在高速路上运行的车辆，当车辆的运动速度（相当于信号速度）越快；车辆对路面的压强（压力）越小；当达到第一宇宙速度时，对路面的压力就是零了。
For example, on the earth, an isolated quantum system that moves faster relative to the earth will receive less gravity.
For example, for a vehicle running on a highway, when the speed of the vehicle (equivalent to the signal speed) is faster; the pressure (pressure) of the vehicle on the road surface is smaller;
When the first cosmic speed is reached, the pressure on the road surface is zero.
当光子处于黑洞附近，将会受到极大的引力；相应地，光子的运动速度（信号速度）就会极小。
When a photon is near a black hole, it will receive a great gravitational force; accordingly, the photon's moving speed (signal speed) will be extremely small.
虽然，从逻辑上来看，相对论有缺陷（属于唯象理论）；但是，相对论对现代物理学的发展，确实有非常大的推动作用。
就象地心学说一样，也不能说完全错误；但日心学说更简明，更能揭示宇宙的本质。
Although, logically speaking, the theory of relativity is flawed (belonging to the phenomenological theory); however, the theory of relativity does have a very important role in promoting the development of modern physics.
Just like the geocentric theory, it cannot be said to be completely wrong; but the heliocentric theory is more concise and can reveal the essence of the universe better.
现实情况是，任何人刚学习相对论时，都感觉有问题；只是随着，学习的深入，发现众多的观测验证了相对论。最后，不敢质疑了；个别人更是无条件的拥护。
The reality is that when anyone first learns the theory of relativity, they feel that there is a problem;
Only with the deepening of learning, I found that numerous observations have verified the theory of relativity.
Finally, I didn't dare to question it; some people even supported it unconditionally.
值得一提是，已有的实验结果都是证明了最大的信号速度是光速。
It is worth mentioning that the existing experimental results all prove that the maximum signal speed is the speed of light.
而，没有任何一个实验验证了最大的相对速度是光速。
However, no experiment has verified that the maximum relative speed is the speed of light.
2信号速度与相对速度的区别
信号速度与相对速度具有完全不同的内涵。信号速度是物质的内禀属性；相对速度是物质之间的相对运动属性。
Signal speed and relative speed have completely different connotations.
Signal speed is the intrinsic property of matter; relative speed is the property of relative motion between matter.
最大的信号速度是光速，最大的相对速度是二倍光速。
The maximum signal speed is the speed of light, and the maximum relative speed is twice the speed of light.
由于狭义相对论将相对速度误认为是信号速度，导致了物理学概念的混乱。
Because the special theory of relativity mistakes relative speed for signal speed, it leads to confusion in the concept of physics.
狭义相对论将最大的相对速度定义为光速；再通过该定义，建立相对论的速度叠加公式；然后，又用相对论的速度叠加公式证明最大的相对速度，属于循环论证。
The special theory of relativity defines the maximum relative speed as the speed of light; through this definition, the velocity superposition formula of the relativity theory is established; then, the velocity superposition formula of the relativity theory is used to prove the maximum relative speed, which is a circular argument.
洛伦兹变换成立的原因，是由于背景空间力（万有引力，库仑力等）的影响，才存在。也就是说，物质受到背景空间力（万有引力，库仑力等）的影响，信号速度（物质内禀属性）变小（小于物质在真空中的信号速度）。
The reason why the Lorentz transformation is established is due to the influence of the background space force (gravity, Coulomb's force, etc.). In other words, matter is affected by background space forces (gravitation, Coulomb force, etc.), and the signal speed (intrinsic properties of matter) becomes smaller (less than the signal speed of matter in a vacuum).
例如，如果一个光子（A），另一个光子（B），及光源（D）在同一条直线上。光源辐射的这两个光子的质量（m)是相同的；并且，辐射的方向正好相反。光子相对于光源（观察者）的速度就是最大的信号速度（光速）。
For example, if one photon (A), another photon (B), and the light source (D) are on the same line. The mass (m) of the two photons radiated by the light source is the same; and the direction of radiation is exactly opposite.
The speed of the photon relative to the light source (the observer) is the maximum signal speed (the speed of light).
相对于光源（观察者），一个光子（A）的能量是，m*C^(2)；另一个光子（B）的能量也是，m*C^(2)；显然，两个光子的能量之和，就是，2m*C^(2)。
Relative to the light source (observer), the energy of one photon (A) is m*C^(2); the energy of the other photon (B) is also m*C^(2); obviously, the energy of two photons The sum is 2m*C^(2).
值得注意的是，
从一个光子（A）观测另一个光子（B）来说，一个光子（A）的能量是零；而另一个光子（B）
的能量就是，m*（2C）^(2)=4m*C^(2)；显然，两个光子的能量之和，就是，4m*C^(2)。
It is worth noting that
From one photon (A) to another photon (B), the energy of one photon (A) is zero; and the other photon (B)
The energy of is, m*(2C)^(2)=4m*C^(2); obviously, the sum of the energy of two photons is 4m*C^(2).
这意味着，从信号速度的角度来看，两个光子的总能量是，2m*C^(2)；从相对速度的角度来看，两个光子的总能量是，4m*C^(2)。
This means that from the point of view of signal speed, the total energy of two photons is 2m*C^(2); from the point of view of relative speed, the total energy of two photons is 4m*C^(2 ).
3狭义相对论的缺陷
关于相对论，几乎任何时候都有争论；让我意识到，对相对论的逻辑缺陷，有必要再解释一下。
Regarding the theory of relativity, there are controversies almost at all times; it made me realize that it is necessary to explain the logical flaws of the theory of relativity.
宇宙中，最大的信号速度是光速（C）；由于受到背景空间力（万有引力，库仑力）的影响，才有了洛伦兹变换。
宇宙中，最大的相对速度是二倍光速（2C）。
In the universe, the maximum signal speed is the speed of light (C); the Lorentz transformation is due to the influence of the background space force (gravitation, Coulomb's force).
In the universe, the maximum relative speed is twice the speed of light (2C).
狭义相对论规定（属于人为假设）最大的相对速度是光速（C）；这意味着增加了一个虚拟的力；该虚拟的力，等价于，让二倍光速（2C）变成了光速（C）。
The special theory of relativity stipulates that the maximum relative speed is the speed of light (C); this means that a virtual force is added; this virtual force is equivalent to making twice the speed of light (2C) into the speed of light (C).
狭义相对论增加的虚拟力，相当于引入了洛伦兹变换。
The virtual force added by the special theory of relativity is equivalent to the introduction of the Lorentz transformation.
例如，对于一个球体，以光速（C）膨胀（最大的信号速度）。
则，球面上的一点（A），相对于球面的另一个点（B）来说，最大的相对速度就是二倍光速（2C）。
For example, for a sphere, it expands at the speed of light (C) (the maximum signal speed).
Then, for a point (A) on the sphere, relative to another point (B) on the sphere, the maximum relative speed is twice the speed of light (2C).
如果从球体中心点（D）观察球面上的一点（A），则球面上的一点（A）相对于球体中心点（D）的速度就是光速（最大的信号速度）。
If you observe a point (A) on the sphere from the center point (D) of the sphere, the speed of the point (A) on the sphere relative to the center point (D) of the sphere is the speed of light (the maximum signal speed).
信号速度是物质（孤立量子体系）的内禀属性（等价于内部的声速），最大的信号速度是光速。当物质（孤立量子体系）的比熵增大时，物质（孤立量子体系）内部的声速将变小）。
The signal speed is the intrinsic property of matter (isolated quantum system) (equivalent to the internal sound speed), and the maximum signal speed is the speed of light. When the specific entropy of matter (isolated quantum system) increases, the speed of sound inside the matter (isolated quantum system) will decrease).
而，相对速度是两个物体（孤立量子体系）之间的相对属性。相对速度的大小取决于一个物体（孤立量子体系）与另一个物体（孤立量子体系）的联系；最的相对速度是二倍光速（2C）。
However, the relative speed is the relative property between two objects (isolated quantum systems).
The relative speed depends on the connection between one object (isolated quantum system) and another object (isolated quantum system).
The maximum relative speed is twice the speed of light (2C).
任何一个孤立量子体系具有内禀的声速（信号速度）；
任何一个孤立量子体系具有内禀的一维空间速度（信号速度）。
这意味着，任何一个孤立量子体系内禀的声速就是该孤立量子体系内禀的一维空间速度。
Any isolated quantum system has an inherent speed of sound (signal speed);
Any isolated quantum system has an inherent one-dimensional space velocity (signal velocity).
This means that the intrinsic sound velocity of any isolated quantum system is the intrinsic one-dimensional space velocity of the isolated quantum system.
总之，最大的信号速度是不能够超过光速；
也就是说，孤立量子体系内禀的声速也不能够超过光速；
同样的道理，孤立量子体系内禀的一维空间速度也不能够超过光速。
In short, the maximum signal speed cannot exceed the speed of light;
In other words, the speed of sound inherent in an isolated quantum system cannot exceed the speed of light;
In the same way, the inherent one-dimensional space velocity of an isolated quantum system cannot exceed the speed of light.
显然，信号速度就是孤立量子体系内禀的声速；
信号速度也是孤立量子体系内禀的一维空间速度。
如果受到背景空间力（万有引力，库仑力等）的影响，信号速度将会发生变化。
Obviously, the signal speed is the inherent sound speed of the isolated quantum system;
The signal velocity is also the inherent one-dimensional space velocity of an isolated quantum system.
If it is affected by the background space force (gravitation, Coulomb force, etc.), the signal speed will change.
值得注意的是，物质的量子化，物质的引力及物质的曲率等具有完全相同的内涵。
It is worth noting that the quantization of matter, the gravitation of matter and the curvature of matter have exactly the same connotations.
4量子三维常数理论的一个预言
有一个预言，光子在经过太阳附近时，会发生偏折；这意味着，光子受到了太阳的引力作用；也说明了光子具有质量。
There is a prediction that when a photon passes near the sun, it will deflect; this means that the photon is subjected to the sun's gravitational force; it also shows that the photon has mass.
根据量子三维常数理论（胡良），光子在太阳附近偏折时，光子的速度小于光速。
According to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory, when a photon deflects near the sun, the speed of the photon is less than the speed of light.
由于，光子受到太阳的引力与光子的质量有关；所以，频率高的光子，在太阳附近偏折时；该光子的偏转角度更大，并且，相应的的速度更低。
Because the gravitational force of a photon by the sun is related to the mass of the photon; therefore, when a photon with a high frequency is deflected near the sun; the deflection angle of the photon is larger, and the corresponding speed is lower.
此外，由于光子在太阳附近偏折时，光子的速度小于光速；因此，光子到达测量点需要更长的时间。
In addition, because the photon is deflected near the sun, the speed of the photon is less than the speed of light; therefore, it takes longer for the photon to reach the measurement point.
从视觉上来看，观测者将会感觉光子在太阳附近的偏折角度将会更大一些。
From a visual point of view, the observer will feel that the deflection angle of the photon near the sun will be greater.
根据量子三维常数理论，光速是宇宙中最快的信号速度，从任何光源（包括运动的光源）辐射的光子相对于光源都是光速。
According to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory, the speed of light is the fastest signal speed in the universe, and the photons radiated from any light source (including moving light sources) are at the speed of light relative to the light source.
值得一提的是，光子具有横波属性，光子相对于光源具有相对的横波属性。
而，这是光子离开光源保持光速的真正原因。
It is worth mentioning that photons have transverse wave properties, and photons have relative transverse wave properties relative to the light source.
However, this is the real reason why the photon leaves the light source to maintain the speed of light.
而信号速度与相对速度的内涵是不同的；最大的相对速度是二倍光速。其实，大家都感觉狭义相对论有点问题；而是我第一个找到狭义相对论缺陷。
The connotation of signal speed and relative speed is different; the maximum relative speed is twice the speed of light. In fact, everyone feels that there is something wrong with the special theory of relativity; but I was the first to find the flaws in the special theory of relativity.
广义相对论基本正确，但有一个缺陷就是没有考虑背景空间。
The general theory of relativity is basically correct, but there is a flaw in that it does not consider the background space.
此外，声速也是信号速度（宏观的信号速度），是介质（空气，水，固体等）的内禀属性；在介质中，声速与声速之间的速度就是相对速度。
在介质中，最大的相对速度（相对声速）就是二倍声速。
The speed of sound is also the speed of the signal (the macroscopic signal speed), which is the intrinsic property of the medium (air, water, solid, etc.); in the medium, the speed between the speed of sound and the speed of sound is the relative speed.
5量子三维常数理论的现状
量子三维常数理论有数学公式也有实验证据；中国版权局，美国版权局及网站（各种类型）都有记录。
Quantum three-dimensional constant theory has mathematical formulas and experimental evidence; the Chinese Copyright Office, the US Copyright Office and websites (various types) have records.
量子三维常数理论，经过近二十年的发展，已经全部完成了。
就象建一座大楼，先打地基，建高楼，通水电气及装修等，都已经全部完成了。
The quantum three-dimensional constant theory has been completed after nearly two decades of development.
Just like building a building, the foundation, high-rise building, water, electricity, and decoration have all been completed.
从经典物理学，到现代物理学，再到量子三维常数物理学（万物之理物理学）；物理学已取得了巨在的成就。
From classical physics, to modern physics, to quantum three-dimensional constant physics (physics of the theory of everything); physics has made tremendous achievements.
量子三维常数物理学是真正的大统一理论；人类已进入一个所有的人都是上帝的时代。
Quantum three-dimensional constant physics is the true grand unified theory; mankind has entered an era in which all people are gods.
因为，企业的工作较忙，年纪也大了，又是业余时间；因此，整理相关资料进度较慢。
相当年，如果我研究生毕业时，能够选择留校当老师，凭资历（包括能力）早就能成为研究生导师了。
这样，一些事务性的工作就可以让学生（研究生）帮忙了。
Because the work of the enterprise is relatively busy, the age is also older, and it is spare time; therefore, the progress of collating relevant information is slow.
For quite a few years, if I could choose to stay in school as a teacher when I graduated from graduate school, I would have become a graduate tutor with qualifications (including ability).
In this way, some transactional work can be helped by students (graduate students).
6相对论的另一个角度
从另一个角度来看，假如，一个孤立量子体系（A）相对于另一个孤立量子体系（B）运动。
From another perspective, suppose that an isolated quantum system (A) moves relative to another isolated quantum system (B).
如果观察者（D）总是保持在孤立量子体系（A）及一个孤立量子体系（B）的正中间；也就是说，观察者（D）到孤立量子体系（A）的距离总是等于观察者（D）到孤立量子体系（B）的距离。
If the observer (D) always stays between the isolated quantum system (A) and an isolated quantum system (B); in other words, the distance between the observer (D) and the isolated quantum system (A) is always equal to the observation The distance between the person (D) and the isolated quantum system (B).
同时，观察者（D）相对于孤立量子体系（A）的速度总是等于观察者（D）相对于孤立量子体系（B）的速度。
At the same time, the speed of the observer (D) relative to the isolated quantum system (A) is always equal to the speed of the observer (D) relative to the isolated quantum system (B).
则有，观察者（D）相对于孤立量子体系（A）的速度小于（或等于）光速；显然，观察者（D）相对于孤立量子体系（B）的速度也小于（或等于）光速。
Then there is, the speed of the observer (D) relative to the isolated quantum system (A) is less than (or equal to) the speed of light; obviously, the speed of the observer (D) relative to the isolated quantum system (B) is also less than (or equal to) the speed of light.
可见，观测者与孤立量子体系具有不同的属性。最大的信号速度是光速。
It can be seen that the observer and the isolated quantum system have different properties. The maximum signal speed is the speed of light.
假如有一对双胞胎离开地球（D）；第一个双胞胎（A）向左方向，以一定速度离开地球（D）；第二个双胞胎（B）向右方向，以同样大小的速度离开地球（D）。
Suppose there is a pair of twins leaving the earth (D). The first twin (A) leaves the earth at a certain speed to the left (D). The second twin (B) leaves the earth at the same speed to the right.
值得一提的是，地球（D）相当于观察者。
It is worth mentioning that the earth (D) is equivalent to the observer.
则有，第一个双胞胎（A）向左方向，离开地球（观察者）的速度总是小于光速（信号速度）。
同样的道理，第二个双胞胎（B）向右方向，离开地球（观察者）的速度也总是小于光速（信号速度）；
Then there is, the first twin (A) to the left, leaving the earth (observer) at a speed that is always less than the speed of light (signal speed).
In the same way, the second twin (B) moves to the right and leaves the earth (observer) at a speed less than the speed of light (signal speed);
而，第一个双胞胎（A）相对于第二个双胞胎（B）的速度就是相对速度；显然，
第一个双胞胎（A）与第二个双胞胎（B）的相对速度总是小于二倍光速。
However, the speed of the first twin (A) relative to the second twin (B) is the relative speed;
Obviously, the relative speed of the first twin (A) and the second twin (B) is always less than twice the speed of light.
上联，功成在我开天辟地；下联，逆境济世唯我独尊；横批，呜呼。
上联，本来惹一物何处无尘埃；下联，怀才不必遇万年自然成；横批，三人行我必为师。
记得毛主席说过一句话：问苍茫大地，谁主沉浮？