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【发现者】阴性艾滋病：只是艾滋癔症
2011-04-11 00:02:18 来源: 网易探索
发现者第106期：艾滋病癔症
导读：近日“阴性艾滋病”群体再度浮出水面，他们中多数人因有过高危性经历导致出现诸多艾滋病急性期病症又检测不到任何HIV病毒，坚称自己并非“恐艾”，而是感染了一种新病毒。美国加州大学旧金山分校病毒实验室承担并完成该群体58个送检样本中的1/3，这里的病毒芯片可检测到1.5万多种病毒以及未知病毒。中国疾控中心流行病学首席科学家说，结果发布后有5个人来信表示症状消失，而这个群体大多数人觉得承认检测结果，就等于认可自己是精神方面的病人。
一、弗洛伊德典型癔症案例：安娜·欧的故事
弗洛伊德认为“癔症”只是心理疾病的一种，它起源于心理因素，并通过特定的心理产生症状。病因与精神因素关系密切，各种不愉快的心境、愤怒、惊恐等因素都是诱因，之后因联想或重新体验初次发作的情感而再度发病，且由暗示或者自我暗示而引发。在弗洛伊德对癔症的研究中，安娜·欧的故事特别典型，这个案例可以回应阴性艾滋病患者的问题“我是先有身体的症状，才开始求医问药的，说我是精神因素导致的症状我不认可，不是先害怕才得此病的”。
1、安娜·欧因照顾病重父亲而染同样症状
安娜·欧癔症，是弗洛伊德心理研究中较为注明的一个案例。安娜出身贵族家庭，过着上流社会妇女的优雅生活，在她的成长期也没有神经症迹象，她被研究者认为是一位“洋溢着充沛智力”的女子。但是，在她21岁那年，得了一种奇怪病症。这年7月，她深爱着的父亲患了“胸膜周围脓肿”。安娜竭尽全力照顾她无比爱着的父亲，但不到一个月，她自己也出现了诸多症状，如虚弱、贫血、厌食、睡眠紊乱、内斜视等；随后安娜的症状迅速加重，发展为肢体的痉挛和麻木，并伴有交替出现的兴奋、抑制和失神状态。到了12月，安娜就开始卧床不起，直到次年4月1日才第一次起床。4月5日，她父亲去世，“她爆发出异乎寻常的兴奋，在这之后，持续两天的深度昏迷”。
2、癔症多来自自我暗示和压抑情绪
在对安娜的心理治疗中，研究者发现当安娜说出她的某些“幻觉”之后，其症状就会消失。这其中一个典型的例子就是：安娜曾看到过一只狗从杯子里喝水引发了她的厌恶，因此她在发病时有长达6个星期的时间，在干咳得无法忍受时都无法喝水。她在催眠中恢复了对这个往事的回忆，尽量地发泄了她的愤怒情绪，才解除了她不能喝水的怪病。随着治疗的推进，安娜的很多症状消失了，但这并不完全是由于催眠的作用，因为负责治疗的医生布洛伊尔在一开始就强调说，安娜“完全不受暗示的影响，她从不受哪怕一丁点儿的断言的影响，而只是受争论的影响。”（《癔症研究》）对于安娜来说，症状的缓解不如说是自我暗示和宣泄的作用。
3、佛洛依德认为癔症是将原欲转化成身体症状
弗洛伊德认为人如果不能解决内在的冲突，就会把他的原欲冲动转化成症状来寻求解脱。在弗洛伊德《性欲三论》中有过一段对癔症病人的分析：他认为有些癔症病人，因为感情上的琐事而患病，这种冲突并非围绕着性兴趣，但在这种情况下，心理分析通常能够找到病原：这种冲突中的性因素使得发病成为可能——因为它阻碍了精神过程的正常发展。而“艾滋病癔病”病人大多数都是有过高危性行为，这一点很直接地与癔症的发病原因结合在一起，又因极大的恐惧感，带来生理上的表现。一位代表全国数千名“位置传染病感染者”到卫生部信访的患者林军曾说：“我是先有身体的症状，才开始求医问药的，说我是精神因素导致的症状我不认可，不是先害怕才得此病的”，但实际情况是这些人群，多数有过高危性行为，在无保护措施的性行为发生之后，其心理本能会产生反射，而在出现一些症状之后，身体又会继续加强这种反应，这种来自不安全的性因素势必会诱导患者身体首先出现症状。
二、狂犬病癔症：对狂犬病恐惧引发精神障碍
如果说安娜·欧的案例，与“阴性艾滋病”患者的情况差距大，那么在我们检索的相关案例中，发现与“艾滋癔症”情况最为相似的是狂犬病癔症。这是种被狗等动物咬伤后，因恐惧患上狂犬病而产生精神障碍并引发“类狂犬病”的精神障碍。这类患者一直想象自己已患狂犬病，并表现出与之雷同的症状。而这种最为接近“艾滋癔症”的假性狂犬病中，很多被狗咬过的患者，几乎是在两三天内短期爆发“狂犬病”，而传染病专家表示，狂犬病潜伏期最长可达20年，不可能短期就会发病，这点与“阴性艾滋病”患者的表现也极为相似。
1、狂犬病癔症表现：因恐惧情绪引发生理症状
“狂犬病癔症”主要指被病犬咬伤的个体，由于对狂犬病恐惧心理发展成的精神障碍，病人有一些符合狂犬病特点的“症状”或自我感受，但并没有神经系统相应的器质性损害症状，客观检查也无异常发现，症状常受精神因素特别是受其他人谈及狂犬病的症状和体征及再次看见咬他的动物出现等影响；而且该症经过心理治疗后可康复。病人的发病很像狂犬病，攻击行为、咬人、吼叫甚至恐水。其中较为夸张的是“假性恐水症”，不能准确地产生反射特点，缺乏发热，特殊的前驱症状和特异性的实验室检查。
2、狂犬病癔症误区：潜伏期较长不可能短时发病
在这些病例中，被动物咬伤至出现临床症状仅仅几小时或1~2日，而狂犬病的潜伏期不可能这样短，了解狂犬病癔症患者以前的个性有助于诊断。狂犬病一般在1到2星期或1个月的时间内发布，不潜伏期长达1年之久。这一点与“假性艾滋病”的症状颇为相似，这些声称感染阴性艾滋病的患者所谓出现的口腔病变、体重下降、免疫力急剧下降等症状，并不太可能出现在感染HIV的初期，因早已有权威研究和报告已经指出，及时检测到HIV病毒阳性，这些群体也只是“携带者”而已，并非“艾滋病”。
三、躯体形式障碍：反复就医并且怀疑
除“癔症”外，还有一种精神类症状从另一个层面解释了“阴性艾滋病”病人的症状，这种病叫做“躯体形式障碍”。病人因这些症状反复就医，各种医学检查阴性和医生的解释均不能打消其疑虑，而他们多半也不接受心理辅导，因此这些群体的症状又被认为是心理冲突与个体倾向导致。北京地坛医院曾为“阴性艾滋病”人群做过“心理测评”称：“此类人群心理健康水平明显低于一般人群”。
1、“躯体形式障碍”者反复就医，不肯相信任何权威报告
“躯体形式障碍”是一种以持久的担心或相信各种躯体症状的优势观念为特征的神经症。病人因这些症状反复就医，各种医学检查阴性和医生的解释均不能打消其疑虑。即使有时患者确实存在某种躯体障碍，但不能解释症状的性质、程度或病人的痛苦与先占观念。这些躯体症状被认为是心理冲突和个性倾向所致，但对病人来说，即使症状与应激性生活事件或心理冲突密切相关，他们也拒绝探讨心理病因的可能。北京地坛医院曾为“阴性艾滋病”人群做过“心理测评”称：“此类人群心理健康水平明显低于一般人群，38人采取不成熟防御方式和中间型防御方式，面对疑似HIV感染带来的巨大压力没有采取升华和幽默的成熟防御方式。”
2、阴性感染者不认可中美检测报告，因若承认就是“精神病”
据中国疾控中心流行病学首席科学家曾光分析，“阴性艾滋病”者群体的文化层次不低，年轻男性为主，有的人可以查阅英文文献。虽然有一定的知识，但又不透彻，看问题比较敏感，遇事不知道该如何判断。在今年4月7日，作为全国调查的六省市之一的江苏，疾控中心在媒体通气会上表示，对7个“自述疑似艾滋病感染者”的调查中，有2人拒绝接受调查；而除此之外，曾光还表示：“有5个人给我们来信，表示听到我们的检测结果和分析后症状消失了”，而他们中有很多对中国和美国的检测结果表示不满，是因为如果认可就等于承认他们其实是“精神病”。
结语：钟南山最近公开表示“阴性艾滋病”并不存在，也没有什么未知病毒。中国疾控中心流行病首席科学家曾光说，这些“阴性艾滋病”患者谁都怀疑，就是不怀疑自己。这些群体中的不少人都偏执地不断地做各种检测，有人甚至用自我伤害的方式，让自己感染真正的艾滋病，却很少有人求助于心理医生。
艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复
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| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
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Discoverer】 【negative AIDS: HIV is just hysteria
2011-04-11 00:02:18 Source: Netease Explore
Section 106 discoverer: AIDS Hysteria
Introduction: Recently, "HIV negative" group re-emerges, because the majority of them have had sexual experience, resulting in many high-risk acute illness and AIDS not detect any HIV virus, insists he is not a "fear of AIDS", but the infection a new virus. University of California, San Francisco borne virus lab and complete submission of the sample group of 58 1 / 3, where the chip can detect the virus more than 15,000 kinds of viruses and unknown viruses. China's chief scientist, said CDC epidemiologist, published the results of 5 individual letters, said after the symptoms disappear, and this group recognized that most people feel that the test results, it means recognition that they are mental patients.
First, Freud typical case of hysteria: the story of Anna Ou
Freud believes that "hysteria" is just a mental illness, which originated in psychology and psychology through specific symptoms. Mental factors in etiology and is closely related to a variety of unpleasant mood, anger, panic and other factors are incentives for association or re-experience, after the initial onset of seizures emotions again, and the self implied by the implied or triggered. Hysteria in Freud's study, especially the story of Anna Ou typical case can respond to this problem of negative AIDS patients "I have the body before symptoms began to chemists, and said I was mental factors I do not recognize the symptoms of lead, not be afraid to just get the disease. "
1, Anna Ou dye taking care of seriously ill father, while the same symptoms
Anna Ou hysteria, Freud was more marked in the Psychological Study of a case. Anna came from a noble family, lived a life of high society women, elegant in her formative years there is no sign of neurological disorder, researchers thought she was a "filled with plenty of intelligence," the woman. However, she was 21 years old, got a strange disease. July that year, her beloved father, suffering from "pleural abscess." Anna loved every effort to take care of her incomparable father, but less than a month, she also appeared in many symptoms such as weakness, anemia, anorexia, sleep disorders, such as Esotropia; subsequent rapid increase symptoms of Anna, the development of limb spasticity and numbness, accompanied by alternating excitation, depression, and absence status. To 12 months, Anna began to bedridden, until April 1 next year the first time to get up. April 5, her father died, "she broke out extraordinary excitement, after that, two days of deep coma."
2, more than hysteria and repressed emotions from self-suggestion
In the psychological treatment of Anna, the researchers found that when Anna to tell her some of the "illusion" after the symptoms disappear. A typical example of which is: Anna had seen a dog drink from the cup led to her disgust, so she had the disease for up to 6 weeks when the time was intolerable in the cough can not drink water. She recovered in hypnosis the memories of the past as far as possible to vent her anger, she could not drink it lifted the strange disease. As treatment progresses, Anna's a lot of the symptoms disappeared, but that does not entirely due to the role of hypnosis, because the doctor responsible for treatment at the outset Broad Il stressed that Anna "completely free from the impact of implied that she assertion without the slightest from the impact, but only affected by the controversy. "(" Hysteria study ") to Anna, the relief of symptoms as it is the role of self-suggestion and catharsis.
3 Freud hysteria that is converted into physical symptoms like the original
Freud believes that people can not solve the inherent conflict if would like to urge him into the original symptoms to seek relief. Freud, "Three of sexuality" in a period of hysteria in the patient's analysis: He believes that some patients with hysteria, as trivial emotional illness, such conflicts of interest are not around, but in this case psychological analysis is usually able to find a pathogen: the conflict in the incidence of factors make it possible - because it hinders the normal development of mental processes. The "AIDS hysteria," most of the patients had high-risk sexual behavior, which is very directly related to the etiology of hysteria together, because of great fear, lead to physical performance. A representative of the country thousands of "location infection diseases" to petition the Ministry of Health in patients with Lin Jun said: "I came first, the physical symptoms began to chemists, and said I was the symptoms of mental factors I do not recognize, not only was the disease first feared, "but the reality is that these groups, the majority had high-risk sexual behavior, unprotected sex in the aftermath of the psychological instinct of reflection, and in some symptoms After this response the body will continue to strengthen this factor from unsafe induced by the patient's body is bound to the first symptoms.
Second, the rabies hysteria: the fear of rabies caused by mental disorders
If Anna Ou case, and the "negative AIDS" gap between the patient's condition, then we retrieve the relevant cases and found that the "AIDS hysteria," the situation is most similar to rabies hysteria. This is the kind of being bitten by dogs and other animals, fear of suffering from rabies caused by mental disorders and lead to "rabies" in mental disorders. These patients has been to imagine that they have rabies and showed similar symptoms with them. Which is most close to the "AIDS hysteria," the pseudo-rabies, many patients who were bitten by a dog, almost broke in two or three days short-term "rabies", and infectious disease experts said the rabies incubation period of up to 20 years, will not short-term morbidity, this is the "negative AIDS" is also very similar to the performance of patients.
1, the performance of rabies hysteria: the physical symptoms caused by fears
"Rabies hysteria" mainly refers to individuals bitten by dogs, because of the fear of rabies develop into mental disorders, the patient has some characteristics consistent with rabies, "symptoms" or self-feelings, but no damage to the nervous system symptoms of the corresponding organic , objective examination and no abnormal findings, the symptoms often affected by psychological factors, especially by other people talked about the signs and symptoms of rabies and animal bite him again to see there other effects; and psychological treatment after the disease can be recovered. The patient's disease like rabies, attack, bite, scream or even fear of water. Which is more exaggerated is the "pseudo-hydrophobia," is not an accurate reflection features produced, the lack of fever, prodromal symptoms and the specificity of a special laboratory tests.
2, rabies hysteria errors: not short-term incidence of long latency
In these cases, animal bites to the clinical symptoms just a few hours or 1 to 2 days and can not be such a short incubation period of rabies, rabies hysteria to understand the personality of patients before the diagnosis. Rabies usually within 1 to 2 weeks or 1 month time release, not a latency period of 1 years. This is the "pseudo-AIDS" symptoms quite similar to those claiming HIV-negative patients infected with the so-called emergence of the oral lesions, weight loss, sharp decline in immunity and other symptoms, and less likely to appear in the early stages of HIV infection, as already authoritative studies and reports have pointed out that timely detection of the HIV virus positive, these groups are just "carriers" only, not "AIDS."
Third, somatoform disorders: repeated medical and suspected
In addition to "hysteria", there are symptoms of a mental interpretation of another level of "negative AIDS," the patient's symptoms, the disease is called "somatoform disorder." These symptoms must seek medical treatment for patients with various medical tests were negative and the doctor's explanation does not dispel their doubts, but most of them do not receive psychological counseling, these groups of symptoms is considered the result of psychological conflict and individual tendencies. Beijing Di Tan Hospital, who have "negative AIDS," the crowd did the "psychological evaluation", said: "Mental health of this population was significantly lower than the general population."
1, "somatoform disorders" who repeatedly seek medical treatment, refused to believe that any authoritative report
"Somatoform disorders" is a persistent fear or believe that the advantages of a variety of somatic symptoms characterized by the concept of neurosis. These symptoms must seek medical treatment for patients with various medical tests were negative and the doctor's explanation does not dispel the doubts. Sometimes patients even if the existence of a physical obstacle, but the symptoms can not explain the nature, extent, or the patient's pain and asked to share ideas. These physical symptoms are considered to be caused by psychological conflicts and personality tendencies, but the patients, even if the symptoms and stressful life events or psychological conflict is closely related, they also refused to discuss the possibility of psychological causes. Beijing Di Tan Hospital, who have "negative AIDS," the crowd did the "psychological evaluation", said: "Mental health of this population was significantly lower than the general population, 38 were taken to immature defense style and intermediate defense style, the face of suspected infection with HIV to the enormous pressure of sublimation and humor without taking the mature defense style. "
2, negative HIV test report does not recognize China and the U.S., because if the recognition is "mentally ill"
According to CDC epidemiologist Zeng Guang, chief scientist of "negative AIDS" are not low cultural level groups, mainly young men, some people can access the English literature. Although there are some knowledge, but not thorough, look at the issue more sensitive, failing to know how to judge. April 7 this year, as the national survey, one of the six provinces of Jiangsu, the CDC said in the media briefing, on 7 "readme suspected AIDS," the survey, there are 2 people refuse to be investigated; Apart from this, Zeng Guang said: "There are 5 people write to us, that heard our analysis of test results and symptoms have disappeared," while many of them in China and the United States expressed dissatisfaction with the test results is If approval is tantamount to recognition of their "mental illness."
Conclusion: Zhong Nanshan, recently stated publicly that "negative AIDS" does not exist, there is no known virus. China CDC, said Zeng Guang, chief scientist epidemic, these "negative AIDS" were no one doubts, that is, do not doubt yourself. Many of these groups of people are paranoid to continue to do all kinds of testing, some even self-harm by the way, so that their true HIV infection, but few people turn to a psychiatrist.
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