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国际NGO与彝乡的15年
2010年11月09日 00:56 来源： 中国经济周刊
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| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
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在西昌向一位司机打听昭觉怎么走，他扭头第一句话：“你要去昭觉？在大山里，可不好走啊。”
昭觉，位于四川西南部的凉山彝族自治州，是全国最大的彝族聚居县，彝族人口达97%。与藏族一样，彝族也是从奴隶社会直接进入社会主义社会的民族。直到今天，昭觉仍然带着国家级贫困县的帽子。
60年来，为了帮助彝族人脱离贫困，越来越多的志愿者来到昭觉，为消除这里的贫穷、疾病、陋习而努力。
艾滋病患者曾经被人羡慕
与以前相比，昭觉的路已经很好走了。从凉山彝族自治州州府所在地西昌市出发，100多公里的盘山公路，行驶3个多小时就能到达。10年前，这段路程至少要走8小时。而60年前，这里根本没有公路，只有成片的原始森林。
昭觉在彝语里指的是山鹰的坝子。这里主要是山区，海拔在1500米～3000米之间，寒冷、阴雨的气候导致土壤过度潮湿，不利于农作物生长，许多居民长期缺粮。
30岁的布点英敏是在昭觉土生土长的彝族人。在她读小学的那个年代，山里的民风还很淳朴，夜不闭户，水果长在树上没人偷，掉在地上也没人捡。农村里全是身强力壮的年轻人。
上世纪80年代末，外面的世界打开后，彝乡年轻人既迷恋外面的五光十色又无所适从。加上深处大凉山腹地，又位于成都与昆明的中点，昭觉很快便成为贩毒分子的通道，很多无所事事的青年，经不住诱惑，沾染上恶习，加速了毒品和艾滋病的泛滥。
可怕的是，源于贫穷与缺乏教育，很多人并不知道毒品和艾滋病的危害。在偏僻的农村里，吸毒被认为是一种时髦的象征，艾滋病患者甚至是被羡慕的对象，因为他们可以拿到政府的救助和补贴。
昭觉县副县长贾琼告诉《中国经济周刊》记者，在彝族地区，特别是农村，由于家庭贫困，观念落后，许多父母认为孩子只要识几个字就行，女孩子连学都不上不了，早早嫁人。初中学历在这里算高学历了。
学习刷牙、洗脸是第一课
布点英敏的父母都是农民，家里有6个兄弟姐妹，两个姐姐没上过学，布点英敏因为成绩好，家里勉强供她读完初中。19岁开始，为了补贴家用，布点英敏辗转于西昌、昆明等地打工。
2003年，布点英敏回到昭觉，听说县里有外国人办了一个青年创业中心，可以学习技能，她就报名了电脑班，成绩优异的她最后被中心招聘为教师。
布点英敏主要负责心理健康和品格教育课。“不要看孩子们平时都是一张张笑脸，每个人背后都藏着令人辛酸的家庭背景：家庭经济困难、父母离异、艾滋病致孤等情况非常普遍。”据其介绍，因为成长在恶劣环境中，从小面对父母争吵，被人歧视，许多孩子们内心深处，对社会多少都有些不信任。
所以，中心每周都有定期的品格教育课，课程是老师们到香港培训时带回来的，主要通过游戏互动、身体体验、内心感悟、观念碰撞，让孩子们懂得做人的道理。
然而，品德似乎还不是最急需的教育，生活常识才是首要的学习内容。许多彝族青年进入中心的第一件事，是学习刷牙、洗脸、洗手、洗衣服、用厕所。
更多的志愿者来到昭觉
60年前，一位英国护士从印度出发，历时一个月，长途跋涉到昭觉为彝族人治病。60年间，为了帮助彝族人脱离贫困，更多的志愿者来到了昭觉。
日本护士仁科共子，现在是NGO（非政府组织）国际专业服务机构（MSI）驻四川省的首席代表，昭觉青年创业培训中心理事，1995年到昭觉。15年前，昭觉县医院只有一个医生是专科毕业，病床连床垫都没有。人们观念落后，宁愿相信巫师也不愿意到医院看病，病房几乎全是空的。病人打点滴，不愿坐在屋子里，宁愿在外面找棵树一挂。
1994年5月，国际医疗服务机构（MSI的前身）与四川省政府正式签订合作协议书，于1995年正式开始派出医护专业人士长期驻守昭觉县。1999年，在昭觉县政府的支持下，MSI成立了昭觉青年创业中心，从提供医疗服务转为向18岁～35岁的彝族青年提供健康的文体活动、品格塑造、文化培训、生活技能培训与谋生技能培训。
仁科共子是中心资历最老的志愿者。在她之后，青年创业中心还有另外三位元老级志愿者：台湾医生张育诚、香港人徐宏善和李翠秀夫妇。
张育诚2000年辞掉令人羡慕的工作，卖掉房子和汽车，带着妻子、大儿子，还有刚出生5个多月的小女儿，来到昭觉。在昭觉的6年，张育诚下乡无数次。山里的路很难走，经常从县城坐小巴先花两三个小时，下车后走一两个小时，最远走过6小时的路。下乡义诊，张育诚从来不戴口罩，即使带着孩子去麻风病村。
2004年，带着一个医疗项目下乡时，张育诚发现，农村里很多孩子晚上不敢出门，眼睛有毛病，有的眼球上长白斑，有的溃疡烂掉，当地人不知道怎么回事，以为是受到诅咒。其实就是缺少维生素A导致夜盲症，没有及时治疗又导致失明。后来，张育诚指导他们种蔬菜大棚，种胡萝卜和油菜，这病很快就没了。
很多彝族人把张育诚当作家人和好朋友。今年，一位他治愈的结核病病人要结婚了，张育诚十分开心：“以前，结核病患者被认为是不好的事情，即使治愈也备受歧视，更不用说有人愿意和他结婚了。现在看到人们观念转变，真的很高兴。”
与仁科共子和张育诚不同的是，香港夫妇徐宏善和李翠秀并非医务工作者。他们在香港都是教师。2000年他们到昭觉时，中心员工只有13人，校园破旧不堪，徐宏善从电脑班、农业班开始教起，李翠秀则教烹饪、缝纫和手工。学生的基础很差，电脑班的学生，多数没见过电脑，得从开机关机、键盘上的26个英文字母开始学。还有缝纫班的学生，不会拿剪刀，刀尖常常对着自己，不会画直线，甚至连号码也不会写。
本来按MSI规定，在昭觉志愿服务的年限为四年一轮，可是徐宏善夫妇已经待了近10年。“香港是很好，国际大都市，各方面制度很完善，但是人才济济，像我们这样的人，在香港能发挥的作用非常有限，在昭觉却可以帮助很多人。为什么我们不留下来呢？”徐宏善说，夫妇俩打算永远待下去。
国际组织“水土渐服”
昭觉青年创业中心的工作得到了地方政府的认可和支持，拨款1200万元为中心修建了2幢教学楼、1幢综合楼，并提出把昭觉青年创业中心办成品牌学校，并将其办学机制和办学理念推广到州内其它职业学校。
2007年9月1日，昭觉县职业高级中学正式成立。职高与中心并轨运作，资源共享，相当于“两块牌子，一套人马”。由县政府选派的职高校长雷琼，同时兼任职中心主任。由MSI选派的中心副主任徐宏善，同时兼任职高副校长。中心继续非学历的短期培训，职高开始学历教育，并且配合政府部门的培训计划。
眼看正是发展的大好时机，可是，雷琼和徐宏善却感到了前所未有的压力。最窘迫的是师资的紧缺。职高成立后，共有47名员工，其中，担任日常教学工作的只有20多位。然而，职高开学后，马上接到有关部门培训1200名农民工的任务。
此外，学生流失也很厉害。2009年9月，职高学历班报名人数达到418人，但因许多学生外出打工，截至今年3月初，在校学生只剩下102人。
令雷琼倍感压力的还有职高与中心特殊的管理体制。作为职高校长与中心主任，雷琼必须同时对县政府和MSI负责，通俗点说，就是有“两个婆婆”。作为非政府公益组织，MSI有自己的理念和原则，不能因为扩招影响教学质量；而政府部门要求她按职高的要求办学，立足昭觉，扩大规模，服务东部五县。
徐宏善也感到为难。以往中心人数最多时也不超过100人，扩招使教学质量下降。徐宏善不讳言，MSI内部讨论过，是不是到该撤出昭觉的时候了。最后，大家决定应该留下来。“MSI做的事情好比建房子前的搭架子工程，房子盖好了才能拆下来，而现在，房子还没有盖好，所以我们没有放弃。”徐宏善说。
10年来，昭觉青年创业中心免费为城镇学生开设了木工、电脑、缝纫、手工、水电修理、英语等技能培训共150多期，培训学生超过3000名。经过培训合格的学员只要提交可行性报告，可以申请一笔经费进行创业。目前，已有18名学员得到了创业扶持，项目包括大棚蔬菜、彝族服饰缝制、建筑承建等等。此外，中心还推荐安置300余名学员前往江苏、浙江、广东等大中城市就业。
2010年，昭觉职业高级中学的招生目标是800名。随着九年义务教育普及率、巩固率的提高，徐宏善相信生源会一批比一批好，越来越稳固。
2009年，徐宏善接待了超过100人次的短期志愿者，这些人群中已开始出现大陆志愿者的身影。“这是我们希望看到的，哪天这里不需要我们了，这房子也就盖好了。”MSI驻四川省首席代表仁科共子说。
1.一个14岁的彝族女孩在昭觉青年创业中心学会了写拼音和简单的汉字。她不爱讲话，喜欢课间操后拿着本子和铅笔在水泥台子上写字。摄影/郑娜
2.一位新西兰的专家在为彝族青年演示如何剪羊毛。
3.偏远山区里，人们长期缺乏维生素A，导致夜盲症。因为缺乏相关常识，夜盲症进一步病变，很多孩子因此眼球溃烂。 摄影/张育诚
4.许多偏僻的农村因为重男轻女思想，很多彝族女孩子没有受过教育。MSI在昭觉办过短期女童班，主要培训文化基础知识。摄影/张育诚
5.昭觉青年创业中心开设的电脑班里，一名彝族男孩在学习如何使用电脑。摄影/郑娜
6.针对彝族妇女擅长刺绣的特点，昭觉青年创业中心开设了缝纫班，并成立月光民族产品制作厂，生产具有浓厚彝族特色的服装和工艺品。
（除署名外，图片均为昭觉青年创业中心提供）
MSI
全称国际专业服务机构，原名为国际医疗服务机构，创立于1994年，是一个面向中国的，非政府、非牟利性的社会公益专业服务机构。致力于为中国贫困地区提供各种专业服务，包括医疗和社区卫生服务、英语教学、畜牧和农业、青年发展等。15年来，MSI为昭觉卫生事业投入了140多万元的资金，每年还有30名来自各国和地区的义诊队，免费为病人治病，到目前已诊治病人约3万人次，手术近400次，培训乡村医生和接生员600多人次。
International NGO with 15 years of the Yi village
At 00:56 on November 9, 2010 Source: China Economic Weekly
Inquire at the Xichang chaochiaoensis to how to get a driver, he turned the first sentence: "You're going Zhaojue? In the mountains, can not walked."
Zhaojue, in southwest Sichuan Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, is the largest inhabited by the Yi County, the Yi population of 97%. As with the Tibetan, Yi is also directly into the socialist society from the slavery of the people. To this day, still with a national poverty counties Zhaojue hat.
60 years, in order to help the Yi people out of poverty, more and more volunteers came ZhaoJue here for the elimination of poverty, disease, bad habits and work.
AIDS has been the envy of
Compared with the previous Zhaojue has been very good way to go. Location from the state capital of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, the city of Xichang, more than 100 kilometers of winding road, traveling more than 3 hours can be reached. 10 years ago, this journey to go at least 8 hours. And 60 years ago, there is no road, only into a piece of the original forest.
Zhaojue refers to the Yi in the Eagle's Bazi. This is mainly mountainous areas 1,500 meters above sea level at 3000 meters, cold, rainy weather lead to excessive soil moisture is not conducive to the growth of crops, many residents of long-term food shortages.
30 years of age distribution in the British Min Yi Zhaojue native people. That in her elementary school years, the mountains are still honest folk, close the doors at night, fruit grows on the tree no one steal it, fall to the ground, no one picked up. Rural areas are full of able-bodied young people.
The late 80s, opened the outside world, both young men obsessed with Yi village outside the bright lights and a loss. Daliangshan with deep hinterland, but also in the middle of Chengdu and Kunming, Zhaojue quickly become the channel of drug traffickers, many idle youth, temptation, addicted to vices, has accelerated the spread of drugs and AIDS.
The frightening thing is, from poverty and lack of education, many people do not know the dangers of drugs and AIDS. In remote rural areas where drug use is considered to be a fashionable symbol of AIDS is the envy of even, because they can get government aid and subsidies.
Zhaojue County Deputy Magistrate Jiaqiong told the "China Economic Weekly" reporter, in the Yi areas, especially in rural areas, because of family poverty, the concept behind, many parents believe that their children know the words on the line as long as the girls do not even science can not get , early married. Junior high school education is high here of school.
Learning brush your teeth, wash your face is the first lesson
Distribution Ying Min's parents are farmers, the family has six brothers and sisters, two sisters did not attend school, the British sensitive points as cloth good grades, the family barely finished junior high school for her. Age 19, in order to support their family, cloth was removed at the Xichang sensitive point of the British, Kunming and other places to work.
In 2003, the British sensitive points back Zhaojue cloth, I heard that foreigners do county business center, a youth can learn skills, she signed up for computer classes, the outstanding she finally candidates as teachers.
Ying Min is mainly responsible for distribution of mental health and character education classes. "Do not see the kids smiling faces usually are, everyone is hidden behind all the bitterness of the family background: family financial difficulties, parental separation, AIDS orphans and other very common." According to its introduction, because the growth in poor environment, from small to face the parents argue, been discriminated against, many of the children inside the community are in something of distrust.
Therefore, the center has a regular weekly character education lessons, the curriculum is the teacher training in Hong Kong when they brought back, mainly through interactive games, physical experience, inner perception, the concept of collision, let the children know the truth in life.
However, the character does not appear to be the most urgent need of education, knowledge of life is the primary learning content. Many young people enter the center of the Yi the first thing is to learn brush your teeth, wash, wash, washing clothes, using the toilet.
More volunteers to Zhaojue
60 years ago, a British nurses from India, which lasted a month, travel to medical treatment Zhaojue for the Yi people. 60 years, in order to help the Yi people out of poverty, more volunteers came to the Zhaojue.
Japanese nurses were sub PeopleSoft, now is the NGO (non-governmental organization) Professional Services (MSI) in Sichuan province chief, Zhaojue youth entrepreneurship training center director, 1995 to Zhaojue. 15 years ago, only a doctor Zhaojue County Hospital is a specialist school, hospital beds with no mattresses. The concept behind it, would rather believe that witches do not want to the hospital, ward almost entirely empty. The patient an intravenous drip, do not want to sit in the house, preferring to hang out to find a tree.
May 1994, the international health care organizations (MSI's predecessor) and the Sichuan Provincial Government cooperation agreement signed in 1995 officially began sending long-term healthcare professionals stationed Zhaojue County. In 1999, the county government with the support of Zhaojue, MSI established the Zhaojue youth entrepreneurship centers, the provision of medical services from the age of 18 into 35-year-old Yi youth health and sports activities, build character, culture, training, life skills training and life skills training.
PeopleSoft were the most senior child is the center of the volunteers. In her later, three young entrepreneurs have another veteran center volunteer: Dr Zhang Yucheng in Taiwan, Hong Kong Xuhong Shan and Li Cuixiu couples.
Zhang Yucheng enviable quit in 2000, sell the house and car, with his wife, son, there are more than 5 months born little girl, came to Zhaojue. 6 years in Zhaojue, Zhang Yucheng countryside numerous times. Difficult to walk the way the mountains, often from the first county seat minibus took two or three hours, get off after an hour or two to go as far as the way through the 6 hours. Free clinics to rural areas, Zhang Yucheng never wear a mask, even take their children to leprosy village.
In 2004, when the countryside with a medical project, Zhang Yucheng found in rural areas where many children afraid to go out at night, eye problems are detected, and some long white spot on the eye, and some ulcers rot, the locals do not know how, that is to be cursed. In fact, a lack of vitamin A causes night blindness that is, not treated in time and cause blindness. Later, Zhang Yucheng guide their greenhouse vegetables, carrot and kinds of rape, this disease will soon be gone.
Yi Zhang Yucheng as many people have family and friends. This year, one of his cured TB patients to be married, Zhang Yucheng very happy: "In the past, tuberculosis was considered a bad thing, even if the cure is also subject to discrimination, let alone someone willing to marry him. Now see change people's attitudes, really happy. "
And PeopleSoft were different promoter and Zhang Yucheng, Hong Kong and his wife Xu Hongshan Li Cuixiu not medical workers. They are teachers in Hong Kong. When they go to Zhaojue 2000, the center employs only 13 people, dilapidated schools, Xu Hongshan from computer classes, began to teach agriculture classes, the Li Cuixiu are taught cooking, sewing and crafts. The basis of poor students, computer classes, most have not seen the computer, get off from the start, 26 on the keyboard to start learning the English alphabet. There are sewing classes, do not get the scissors, the tip often against their own will not draw a straight line, even the numbers do not write.
Originally by MSI provides volunteer service in the Zhaojue four years a number of years, but Xu Hongshan couple has spent nearly 10 years. "Hong Kong is very good, international metropolis, all aspects of the system is perfect, but the talent, people like us in Hong Kong can play a limited role, in Zhaojue it can help many people. Why do not we do stay ? "Xu Hongshan said, the couple intends to stay, forever.
International organization "gradually and water services"
Zhaojue youth entrepreneurship center's work has been recognized and supported the local government, grants 12 million yuan to build a two-centered teaching building, a complex building, and proposed to accomplishing brand Zhaojue school youth entrepreneurship center, and its school system and educational philosophy extended to other professional schools within the state.
September 1, 2007, Zhaojue County Vocational High School was established. Operation of vocational high school merged with the Centre, resource sharing, the equivalent of "two brands, a Sagittarius." Selected by the county's vocational high school principals Leiqiong, served concurrently Director of the Centre. Selected by the MSI Xuhong Shan, deputy director of the center, also serves as vice president of vocational high school. Centre continued short-term non-degree training, academic education, vocational high school began, and with government departments training program.
It is a golden opportunity to watch the development, however, and Xu Hongshan Leiqiong but felt unprecedented pressure. The most distress is the teacher shortage. After the establishment of vocational high school, a total of 47 staff, of which only work as a daily teaching more than 20. However, the vocational high school, immediately after receiving the relevant training, the task of 1,200 migrant workers.
In addition, the loss of students is also very powerful. September 2009, Vocational education class enrollment reached 418, but many students go out to work early in March this year, in only 102 students.
Leiqiong feel that there are vocational high school and the center of pressure, a special management system. As a vocational high school principal and director of the Center, Leiqiong must be responsible to the county government and the MSI, the popular point of saying that there are "two mother." As a non-governmental welfare organizations, MSI has its own philosophy and principles, can not affect the quality of teaching because of enrollment; and government departments asked her request by vocational high school education, based ZhaoJue scale, five counties in eastern service.
Xu Hongshan also a dilemma. The past, when the center of the largest number of not more than 100 people, enrollment decline in the quality of instruction. Xu Hongshan admits, MSI internal discussion, is not the time for the withdrawal of Zhaojue. Finally, we decide to stay. "MSI to do is like building a house put on airs before the project can be removed to a house covered with, and now, the house has not covered, so we do not give up." Xu Hongshan said.
10 years, Zhaojue youth entrepreneurship center opened free of charge for urban students carpentry, computers, sewing, crafts, water repairs, English and other skills training, 150 multi-phase, training over 3,000 students. Trained and qualified participants may submit a feasibility report, can apply for funding for a start. At present, 18 participants received business support projects, including greenhouse vegetables, sewing clothes Yi, building construction and so on. In addition, the center also recommended placement of more than 300 participants to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong and other cities employment.
In 2010, Zhaojue Vocational School enrollment goal is 800. With the penetration rate of compulsory education, improve the retention rate, Xu Hongshan believe a group of students will be better than a group, more solid.
In 2009, Xu Hongshan received more than 100 people in short-term volunteers, these groups have begun to appear in the mainland volunteers on the scene. "This is what we want to see this day do not need us, and this will cover the house." MSI PeopleSoft chief in Sichuan Province, said a total child.
1. A 14-year-old girl in Zhaojue Yi Youth Business Centre, pinyin and learn to write simple Chinese characters. She does not love his speech, like holding a book and a pencil after calisthenics in the cement on a table to write. Photography / Zheng Na
2. A New Zealand expert to demonstrate how young people Yi shearing.
3. Remote mountain areas, people are long-term lack of vitamin A, lead to night blindness. Because of lack of common sense, night blindness and further disease, eye ulcers so many children. Photo / Zhang Yucheng
4. Many remote rural areas because of patriarchal ideology, many Yi girls uneducated. MSI girls in Zhaojue have had the short-term classes, the basics of the main training culture. Photo / Zhang Yucheng
5. Zhaojue Youth Business Centre offers computer class, a boy, the Yi in learning how to use computers. Photography / Zheng Na
6. Specializes in embroidery for the characteristics of the Yi women, youth entrepreneurship center opened Zhaojue sewing classes, and set up a production plant moonlight national product, the production has a strong distinctive clothing and crafts Yi.
(Except for signature, the pictures are Zhaojue Youth Business Centre)
MSI
Full name of the international professional services organization, formerly known as international medical service organization, founded in 1994, is a China-oriented, non-governmental, non-profit social welfare professional services organization. China is committed to providing professional services in poor areas, including medical and community health services, English teaching, livestock and agriculture, youth development. 15 years, MSI has invested for the Zhaojue health funds more than 140 million each year there are 30 countries and regions from the clinic team, free medical treatment for the patient to the treatment of patients currently about 3 million people, nearly surgery 400, training village doctors and midwives more than 600 people.
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