宋圭武观点80：“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”这一表述需要修正

关于真理标准的观点有：一种是符合论，该观点认为真理就是认识和实践相符合；一种是融贯论，该观点认为真理就是理论系统自身的逻辑不矛盾；一种是实在论，该观点认为真理就是具有有用性或实用性；一种是全体论，黑格尔认为，真理是全体，全体是通过自身发展而达到圆满的，即真理是一个由低级到高级的发展过程。

关于真理的标准，有一种观点认为：“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”。个人认为，这句话在表述等方面有不准确之处，应当给予修正。下面谈谈理由，供大家参考。

第一，说真理需要通过社会实践来检验，这是确定无疑的，是正确的看法，这也是马克思主义的一个基本原理。早在一八四五年，马克思就提出了检验真理的标准问题。马克思指出：“人的思维是否具有客观的真理性，这并不是一个理论的问题，而是一个实践的问题。人应该在实践中证明自己思维的真理性，即自己思维的现实性和力量，亦即自己思维的此岸性。关于离开实践的思维是否具有现实性的争论，是一个纯粹经院哲学的问题。”但这里的问题是，实践本身不能成为标准。因为实践是一种活动，活动本身是不能成为标准的。活动与活动的标准是两回事，二者不能混同。由此，个人认为，应将“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”的表述，改为，真理必须要通过实践来检验，这样表述更准确，也更符合马克思在这个问题上的本义。

第二，任何实践活动标准的制定，都是主观和客观相结合的结果。比如说，要认定某一项教学实践活动好不好，标准如何制定，一方面，要立足这项具体的教学实践活动，要在此基础上来制定；另一方面，制定标准的过程，必然离不开一些具有特定价值观和特定认识水平的人的价值判断和认识判断。

第三，检验真理，既离不开实践，也离不开大智慧。因为有了实践，必然有实践效果，如何判断实践效果，智慧层次低或只有小聪明的人，对实践效果的判断必然是多看到其短期效应和局部效应以及表层效应，这里只有具有大智慧的人，才能对实践效果的全局效应和长远效应以及深层效应会有深刻认识。比如治病，如何判断一副药的治疗效果，必然是大夫越高明，对其结果判断越精准，判断越具有真理性。有时候，病人吃了一副药，可能短期效果好或表面效果好，一些庸医可能会依据实践就说好。而真正高明的大夫，是不会有这种判断的。

第四，能否透过社会实践中的利益迷雾，看清真理的本相，也需要借助大智慧的光。社会实践问题，总是与利益纠缠在一起，关于社会实践的认识，必然也是充满利益的迷雾。如何识破利益的魔术表演，也需要大智慧的眼光。

第五，关于真理的命题有两类，一类是实证性命题，一类是规范性命题，对于规范性命题，更离不开主观的价值判断。

依据上述分析，结论是：检验认识是不是真理，是离不开实践的，必须要通过实践过程来检验，但对检验结果的判断和评价，其准确性是离不开判断主体的大智慧的，最终，真理的检验需要把实践和大智慧有机结合起来。

另外，按照数学统计规律中人群分布的正态分布特征，具有大智慧的人总是少数。由此我们也可以认为，历史可能在大部分的时间里和大部分的空间内，都是在错误中演绎故事，而真正属于正确的历史时间和历史空间，可能只占历史总时间和总空间的一个很小比例或较小比例。

好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's opinion 80: "Practice is the only standard for testing truth" This statement needs to be corrected

There are views on the standard of truth: one is the theory of conformity, which believes that truth is the conformity of knowledge and practice;one is the theory of coherence, which believes that truth is the logic of the theoretical system itself;one is the theory of realism, which believes that truth is useful or practical;one is the theory of totality, which believes that truth is the total, and the total is achieved through its own development, that is, truth is a process of development from low to high. About the standard of truth, there is a view that "Practice is the only standard for testing truth".Personally, this sentence is inaccurate in terms of expression and should be corrected.The following reasons are for your reference.First, it is undoubtedly correct to say that truth needs to be tested through social practice, which is also a basic principle of Marxism.As early as 1845, Marx put forward the standard for testing truth.Marx pointed out: "Whether human thinking has objective truth is not a theoretical problem, but a practical problem. People should prove the truth of their thinking in practice, that is, the reality and power of their thinking, that is, the shore of their thinking.The debate about whether thinking without practice has reality is a pure problem of philosophy."But the problem here is that practice itself cannot be the standard.Because practice is an activity, and activity itself cannot be the standard.Activity and the standard of activity are two different things, and the two cannot be confused.Therefore, I think that the expression "practice is the only standard for testing truth" should be changed to "truth must be tested through practice", which is more accurate and more in line with Marx's original meaning on this issue.Second, the formulation of any standard for practical activities is the result of the combination of subjective and objective.For example, to determine whether a certain teaching practice is good or not, how to formulate the standard, on the one hand, to be based on the specific teaching practice, and to be formulated on this basis;on the other hand, the process of formulating the standard is inevitably inseparable from the value judgment and cognitive judgment of some people with specific values and specific cognitive levels.Third, testing truth can not be separated from practice, nor can it be separated from great wisdom. Because of the practice, there must be practical effect, how to judge the practical effect, wisdom level low or only small smart people, the judgment of the practical effect is bound to see the short-term effect and local effect and surface effect, here only with great wisdom, to the overall effect of the practical effect and long-term effect and deep effect will have a profound understanding.For example, how to judge the therapeutic effect of a drug, is bound to be the doctor more brilliant, the more accurate judgment of the results, the more accurate judgment of the truth.Sometimes, the patient took a drug, may be short-term effect or surface effect is good, some quacks may say good according to practice.And really brilliant doctor, will not have this judgment.Fourth, whether through the social practice of interests in the fog, see the truth of the essence, also need the light of great wisdom.Social practice problems, always entangled with interests, the understanding of social practice, is also bound to be full of interests of the fog.How to see through the interests of the magic show, also need the vision of great wisdom.Fifth, there are two types of propositions about the truth, one is a positive proposition, one is a normative proposition, for normative propositions, more inseparable from the subjective value judgment. Based on the above analysis, the conclusion is: to test whether the knowledge is true or not is inseparable from practice, and must be tested through the process of practice. However, the accuracy of the judgment and evaluation of the test results is inseparable from the great wisdom of the judgment subject. Finally, the test of truth needs to organically combine practice and great wisdom. In addition, according to the normal distribution characteristics of the population distribution in the mathematical and statistical laws, the people with great wisdom are always a minority.Therefore, we can also think that history may be in most of the time and most of the space, are in the wrong deduction of the story, and the true history of time and space, may only account for a small proportion of the total time and space of history. OK, thank you, thank you.