宋圭武观点172乡村振兴关键要让农民在农村实现稳定就业

目前，如何守好粮食安全底线和防止大规模返贫底线，关键要让农民在农村实现稳定就业。农民若能在农村实现稳定就业，则农村撂荒化、空壳化、老龄化、光棍化、留守儿童、学校有老师没有学生等问题，都可以一揽子解决好。

具体如何让农民在农村稳定就业，如何保障国家粮食安全，本人提出一个方案，供参考。第一，农村微观生产组织可考虑建设半自治半行政农场，其中农村中的农民统一变为农场职工，成为职业工人，拿固定工资。依据乡村经济发展基础普遍薄弱情况，农场农民工只能普遍实行低工资制。同时，农场职工可参加各种保险，并可享受退休待遇。同时，农场不能随意解雇职工。另外，由于农业是一种特殊的产业，具有休闲松散特点，所以，农场的管理模式应符合农业产业的特点，这里既不能完全按行政的模式管理，也不能按完全自治的模式管理，应实行半自治半行政管理模式。具体，农场书记和场长，任命权掌握在上级组织手里，由上级组织考察任命。但否决权，掌握在农场职工手里。对不称职的农场书记和场长，农场职工可通过职工大会或党员大会投票罢免。农场一线职工实行半休闲半忙碌工作制度。在农闲时间，农场可允许一线职工外出打工。没有外出打工的，农场要多组织各种娱乐活动和各种学习活动。农场在主要产业选择上，要以种植粮食为主要产业。这是确保国家粮食安全的需要。另外，农民靠农业致富客观较难，农场还需要发展非农产业，但农村发展非农产业肯定竞争不过城市，所以，国家还需要对农村非农产业发展实行一定程度的产业保护政策。在农业发展方面，农场要以生产有机农产品为主。农场经营目标主要是确保粮食安全和防止大规模返贫。农场经营目标或考核农场效益，要以生产高质量粮食为主要任务或主要指标，经济收入指标可考虑以不亏损为底线，或实现薄利即可，重点要以确保两个底线为主要经营目标或主要考核目标。在农场管理上，为预防农场腐败，要严格限制农场盲目投资和基建。农场所有账目，要全面实行公开制，接受职工全面监督。国家对农业的所有补贴，都可直接补贴到农场。农场可吸收大学生就业，也可安排部分乡镇人员或城乡富余人员进入农场工作。现有村干部和村委会，可全部并入农场。包括一些合作社等，都可并入农场。农场可实行类似人民公社工、农、商、学、兵综合模式。第二，国家在三农宏观管理上，可考虑实行半计划半市场管理体制。所谓半计划半市场，是说农场部分产品要有计划生产，部分产品可根据市场生产。第三，在农场产品流通上，可实行半统购半统销模式。

另外，在土地制度上，乡村土地分公田和私田两部分。一部分是自留地，是私田，集体所有，农民有自主经营权；一部分是农场土地，是公田，集体所有，农场有自主经营权。农民自己庭院周围的土地，可划归为自留地，属私田，便于农民直接经营。离农户家庭住址较远的一些农村大田，以及一些撂荒地，可统一归集体或国家所有，属公田，实行农场统一经营模式。

最终，国家形成城乡适度二元体制。好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 172 Rural revitalization key to let farmers achieve stable employment in rural areas

At present, how to keep the bottom line of food security and prevent large-scale poverty, the key is to let farmers achieve stable employment in rural areas.If farmers can achieve stable employment in rural areas, rural abandoned, empty shell, aging, bachelor, left-behind children, schools have teachers without students and other problems can be solved in a package. Specifically how to let farmers in rural areas to achieve stable employment, how to ensure national food security, I put forward a plan for reference.First, rural micro production organizations can consider the construction of semi-autonomous semi-administrative farms, in which rural farmers unified into farm workers, become professional workers, take a fixed wage.According to the general weak foundation of rural economic development, farm migrant workers can only generally implement a low wage system.At the same time, farm workers can participate in various insurances, and can enjoy retirement benefits.At the same time, the farm can not dismiss workers at will.In addition, as agriculture is a special industry with the characteristics of leisure and loose, the management mode of the farm should conform to the characteristics of the agricultural industry, which can neither be managed completely according to the administrative mode, nor be managed completely according to the autonomous mode, but should be semi-autonomous and semi-administrative management mode. Specifically, the appointment right of the farm secretary and the farm manager is in the hands of the higher organization, and the higher organization appoints them. But the right of veto is in the hands of the farm workers. For the incompetent farm secretary and the farm manager, the farm workers can vote to remove them through the staff meeting or the party meeting. The farm front-line workers implement a semi-leisure and semi-busy work system. In the leisure time, the farm can allow the front-line workers to go out to work. Those who do not go out to work, the farm should organize more recreational activities and various learning activities. In the selection of the main industry, the farm should take grain planting as the main industry. This is the need to ensure national food security. In addition, it is objectively difficult for farmers to get rich by agriculture. The farm also needs to develop non-agricultural industries, but the rural development of non-agricultural industries can not compete with the city. Therefore, the country also needs to implement a certain degree of industrial protection policies for the development of rural non-agricultural industries. In terms of agricultural development, the farm should mainly produce organic agricultural products. The farm operation objective is mainly to ensure food security and prevent large-scale poverty. The farm operation objective or the assessment of the farm benefits should take the production of high-quality grain as the main task or main indicator. The economic income index can be considered as the bottom line of no loss, or the realization of small profits. The key is to ensure that the two bottom lines are the main operation objective or main assessment objective. In the farm management, to prevent farm corruption, to strictly limit the blind investment and infrastructure of the farm.All the accounts of the farm, to fully implement the open system, to accept the full supervision of the staff.All the subsidies for agriculture, the state can directly subsidize the farm.The farm can absorb college students to work, and can also arrange some township personnel or urban and rural surplus personnel to work on the farm.The existing village cadres and village committees can be integrated into the farm.Including some cooperatives, can be integrated into the farm.The farm can implement a similar model of people's communes, agriculture, commerce, science and military integration.Second, the state in the macro management of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, can consider the implementation of a semi-planned and semi-market management system.The so-called semi-planned and semi-market means that some products of the farm should be produced in a planned way, and some products can be produced according to the market.Third, in the circulation of farm products, can implement a semi-monopoly purchase and sales model. In addition, in the land system, rural land is divided into two parts: public land and private land.One part is self-retained land, private land, collectively owned, and farmers have the right to independent management;one part is farmland, public land, collectively owned, and farmers have the right to independent management.The land around the farmers' own courtyard can be classified as self-retained land, private land, for farmers to directly manage. Some large fields far from the home addresses of farmers, as well as some abandoned land, can be unified into collective or state-owned public land, which will be managed by a unified farming model. Finally, the country will form a moderate dual system.OK, thank you, thank you.