宋圭武观点98：异化的三个根源及消除

什么是异化？是指一种存在，分裂出自身的对立面，否定自身的存在。对于异化的根源，黑格尔认为，异化的根源在于精神实现自己的需要。费尔巴哈认为，异化的根源是人自身，是人对自然产生依赖和敬畏的结果，是人对自我既肯定又否定的一种现象。马克思认为，产生异化的原因是社会固定化分工的出现，而异化得以实现则是私有制的确立。前苏联学者一般认为异化劳动的根源在于劳动的“分裂”。卢卡奇认为异化的根源是普遍的商品化。马尔库塞认为，导致技术理性异化的根本原因在于，现阶段的社会劳动组织方式出了问题，其关键问题是否定理性被肯定理性所替代。哈贝马斯认为，导致科学技术异化的根本原因是科学技术发展本身，是劳动过程与交往过程不和谐造成的。萨特认为，匮乏是引起异化的原因。

个人认为，异化的根源有人性、制度、经济三个方面。其中人性是深层根源，制度是中层根源，经济是表层根源。同时，这三个层面的异化，是互相耦合和互相制约的，不是孤立的。最终社会的异化，是这三个层面异化综合作用的结果。

从人性角度看，自私是异化的深层人性根源。因为自私导致社会陷入囚徒困境，不仅让他人成为受害者，也让自私者自身成为受害者。从制度角度看，不公正的制度是异化的中层根源之一。因为不公正的制度，必然存在一种否定自身的倾向。从经济方面看，贫困也会催生异化。一是在贫困条件下，根据稀缺均衡原理，人生命本身的边际价值会贬值，而财富或身外之物的边际价值会升值。二是贫困让贫困者的选择更具短期均衡特征，同时，在长期内，成为否定自身的形式。   

社会如何消除异化，是一项长期工程。具体需要立足人性、制度、经济三个方面展开对策。第一，要大力培育社会的利他精神。第二，要着力改革不公正的制度。第三，要大力发展经济，要着力解决好贫困问题，尤其要重点解决好绝对贫困问题。

好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu view 98: the three roots of alienation and elimination

What is alienation?It refers to a kind of existence, split out of its own opposite, deny its own existence.For the root of alienation, Hegel believed that the root of alienation lies in the need of spiritual realization.Feuerbach believed that the root of alienation is man himself, is the result of human dependence and reverence for nature, is a phenomenon of both affirmation and negation of self.Marx believed that the reason for alienation is the emergence of social fixed division of labor, and the realization of alienation is the establishment of private ownership.The former Soviet Union scholars generally believe that the root of alienated labor lies in the "separation" of labor.Lukacs believed that the root of alienation is the general commercialization.Marcuse believed that the root cause of technological rational alienation is that the current stage of social labor organization mode has gone wrong, and the key problem is that the negative rationality is replaced by the positive rationality.Habermas believed that the root cause of scientific and technological alienation is the development of science and technology itself, which is caused by the disharmony between the process of labor and the process of communication.Sartre believed that scarcity is the cause of alienation.Personally, the root of alienation is human nature, system and economy.Human nature is the deep root, the system is the middle root, and the economy is the surface root. At the same time, these three levels of alienation are coupled and restricted to each other, not isolated.Finally, the alienation of the society is the result of the comprehensive action of these three levels of alienation.From the perspective of human nature, selfishness is the deep root of alienation.Because selfishness leads the society into a prisoner's dilemma, not only making others victims, but also making the selfish person himself a victim.From the perspective of the system, the unjust system is one of the middle roots of alienation.Because the unjust system inevitably has a tendency to negate itself.From the economic perspective, poverty will also promote alienation.First, under the condition of poverty, according to the principle of scarcity equilibrium, the marginal value of human life itself will depreciate, while the marginal value of wealth or things outside the body will appreciate.Second, poverty makes the choices of the poor more short-term equilibrium, and at the same time, in the long run, it becomes a form of negating itself.How to eliminate alienation in the society is a long-term project.It needs to be carried out from the perspectives of human nature, system and economy.First, we should vigorously cultivate the altruism spirit of the society.Second, we should focus on reforming the unjust system.Third, we should vigorously develop the economy, and strive to solve the problem of poverty, especially the problem of absolute poverty.OK, thank you, thank you.