宋圭武观点50： 浅议存在主义的几个问题
存在主义产生于第一次世界大战之后。存在主义崛起于德国，在法国人手里发扬光大，是二十世纪上半叶最具代表性的哲学思潮。存在主义的谱系芜蔓庞杂。尼采和克尔凯郭尔等可被看作是其先驱。雅斯贝尔斯和海德格尔、萨特和加缪等是其代表人物。
海德格尔是20世纪德国最有创见的哲学家，他宣扬无神论存在主义，是无神论存在主义的主要代表之一。他在《存在与时间》（1926）中第一次提出了存在主义这一称谓，并促使存在主义理论系统化、明确化。海德格尔指出：全部的西方思想史只关注存在着的事物，而遗忘了存在着的事物的存在。
二次大战后，存在主义在法国思想界占据重要地位。法国的存在主义基本上分为两大派：以西蒙娜等为代表的基督教存在主义；以萨特、加缪等为代表的无神论的存在主义，又称为萨特的存在主义，或简称为存在主义。
问题一：存在主义认为，存在先于本质。存在的本质是在存在以后被定义的。
这里的问题是，存在本身是如何产生的，存在主义并没有回答。其实，存在是不能被定义的。因为要定义存在本身，必须要依据存在本身。所以，关于存在本身的产生，也是任何学说都不能解决的。存在本身就是一个自循环系统。定义存在，也必然陷入逻辑循环。
海德格尔认为，对存在的理解本身就确定了此在的存在。这其实是一个关于存在的循环定义，或只是关于存在的一个描述性说明，并不能成为存在本身的真正定义。
问题二：存在主义认为，存在是荒诞的，是痛苦的，是偶然的。
其实，存在并不是荒诞、痛苦和偶然的。从绝对意义看，存在是一种必然性，痛苦也是被预先定义的，痛苦本身也是有价值的。从相对意义看，存在有偶然性和荒诞性。存在本身是喜乐与忧愁并存，幸福与悲惨并存。存在是一枚货币，可以从正面看，也可以从反面看。
问题三：存在主义认为，如何定义自身存在的本质，个人有选择的自由，同时，既然个人有选择定义自身存在本质的自由，个人必然要对个人的自由负责。
其实，所谓人类的自由选择，也是被预先定义好的。即，个人虽然有选择的自由，但这种选择也是被预先定义好的。所以，人类是生活在不自由的自由中。自由本质也是一种必然。同时，人类预先被定义的自由选择，其选择后所需要承担的后果，也是预先被定义的。即，有什么样的选择，必然有对应需要承担的后果。这就引出一个问题。人类在自由选择时，要想有好的结果，必须要高瞻远瞩，否则，必然会有麻烦。如此，基于存在主义的推演，人类的自由选择只有充满理性谨慎，人类才能过上一种满意的生活。而世界的荒诞、痛苦和偶然，从某种意义上讲，应是人类的自由选择没有体现理性谨慎精神的一种恶果。
这里一般结论应当是：人类的痛苦，本质都是自找的。老天虽然给了人类选择的自由，但还需要人类利用好老天给予的理性。是打开天堂之门，还是打开地狱之门，两把钥匙都在人类手里。如何开门，人类有自主选择钥匙的权力。说白了，人类的命运就掌握在自己手里，人类自己就是自己的救世主。人类要建设美好的社会，要过一种幸福的生活，就必须要承担起自身的责任。老天的法则是最公平的。老天对人类的奖励与惩罚与人类自身的选择是高度匹配的，没有例外。没有理性把握的人类生活，必然是充满痛苦、荒诞和虚无的。提升人类的理性精神，建设一个理性的世界，是人类永恒的任务。
好，谢谢，谢谢。
Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 50: Some Issues on Existentialism
Existentialism emerged after the First World War.Existentialism rose in Germany and developed in the hands of the French, which is the most representative philosophy trend in the first half of the 20th century.The pedigree of existentialism is very complicated.Nietzsche and Kierkegaard can be regarded as its forerunners.Jauspers and Heidegger, Sartre and Camus are its representatives. Heidegger is the most creative philosopher in Germany in the 20th century. He advocates atheistic existentialism and is one of the main representatives of atheistic existentialism.He first proposed the name of existentialism in Being and Time (1926) and promoted the systematization and clarification of existentialism theory.Heidegger pointed out that the whole history of Western thought only focused on the things that exist, but forgot the existence of the things that exist. After the Second World War, existentialism occupied an important position in the French intellectual circles.French existentialism can be basically divided into two major schools: Christian existentialism represented by Simone et al.;atheistic existentialism represented by Sartre and Camus, also known as Sartre's existentialism, or existentialism for short. Question 1: Existentialism believes that existence precedes essence.The essence of existence is defined after existence. The question here is how existence itself is produced, which existentialism does not answer.In fact, existence cannot be defined.Because to define existence itself, we must rely on existence itself.Therefore, no theory can solve the production of existence itself.Existence itself is a self-recycling system.Defining existence is also inevitably trapped in a logical cycle. Heidegger believes that the understanding of existence itself determines the existence of this.This is actually a circular definition of existence, or just a descriptive description of existence, which cannot be the real definition of existence itself. Question 2: Existentialism believes that existence is absurd, painful and accidental.In fact, existence is not absurd, painful and accidental.In the absolute sense, existence is a necessity, pain is predefined, and pain itself is valuable.In the relative sense, existence is accidental and absurd.Existence itself is a coexistence of joy and sorrow, happiness and misery.Existence is a coin, which can be seen from the front and the back. Question 3: Existentialism believes that individuals have the freedom to choose how to define the essence of their own existence. At the same time, since individuals have the freedom to choose and define the essence of their own existence, individuals are bound to be responsible for their freedom. In fact, the so-called free choice of human beings is pre-defined.That is, although individuals have the freedom to choose, this choice is also pre-defined.Therefore, human beings live in the freedom of unfreedom.The essence of freedom is also a necessity.At the same time, the consequences that human beings need to bear after they choose the pre-defined free choice are also pre-defined.That is, what kind of choice there is, there must be corresponding consequences to bear.This leads to a question.When human beings choose freely, if they want to have a good result, they must be far-sighted; otherwise, there will be trouble.Thus, based on the deduction of existentialism, only when human beings' free choice is full of rational prudence can human beings live a satisfactory life.The absurdity, pain and accident of the world, in a sense, should be a bad result of human beings' free choice which does not reflect the spirit of rational prudence.The general conclusion here should be: the essence of human suffering is self-seeking.Although God gives human beings the freedom to choose, it is also necessary for human beings to make good use of the reason given by God. The two keys to open the door of heaven or the door of hell are in the hands of human beings.Human beings have the right to independently choose the key to open the door.To put it bluntly, the destiny of human beings is in their own hands, and human beings are their own saviors.Human beings must assume their own responsibilities if they want to build a better society and live a happy life.The laws of God are the most fair.The rewards and punishments of God for human beings are highly matched with the choices of human beings, without exception.Human life without rational grasp is necessarily full of pain, absurdity and nothingness.It is the eternal task of human beings to promote the rational spirit of human beings and build a rational world. OK, thank you, thank you.