宋圭武观点22：发展中国家普遍面临两个失灵的困境

一个是市场失灵的困境；一个是政府失灵的困境。

市场有市场的有效区间和失效区间，政府有政府的有效区间和失效区间。在不同的文化背景下，市场和政府的有效区间和失效区间必然不同。

发展中国家如何建设完善市场经济，必须要打好文化建设的基础。要建设与市场经济相适应的文化。

市场经济需要两手抓，两手都要硬。一手抓好物质文明建设，要硬；一手抓好精神文明建设，也要硬，而且要更硬。因为市场买卖交易双方，在交易过程中，双方都可能会利用市场缺陷，一方想尽可能高价出售，一方想尽可能低价购入，通过长期不断交易博弈，必然最终会使交易精神和手段越来越精致化，但不一定会越来越道德化。所以，市场交易本身对道德精神有瓦解作用。市场交易所衍生的道德或诚信，多是不稳定的短期诚信，或是工具诚信。因为人的寿命本身就是短期的。所以，建设市场经济，必须要高强度抓好精神文明建设。社会精神越文明，市场经济越健康。离开精神文明建设，市场经济就是坑蒙拐骗、假冒伪劣、一地鸡毛。

精神文明建设，基础是文化建设。文化建设，灵魂是敬畏意识。因为有敬畏意识，就有人格自觉。有人格自觉，就有市场交易自觉，有市场交易自觉，市场缺陷区间必然大大缩小，市场缺陷区间小，市场经济才能成为较完善的市场经济。

好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 22: Developing countries are generally faced with two failure dilemmas.

One is the dilemma of market failure;the other is the dilemma of government failure.The market has its effective range and failure range, and the government has its effective range and failure range.Under different cultural backgrounds, the effective range and failure range of the market and the government are necessarily different.How to build a sound market economy in developing countries? We must lay a good foundation for cultural construction.We should build a culture that is compatible with the market economy.Market economy needs to be grasped in both hands, both hands should be hard.One hand should focus on the construction of material civilization, and be hard;the other hand should focus on the construction of spiritual civilization, and be hard, and even harder.Because both sides of the market transaction, in the process of transaction, both sides may take advantage of market defects. One side wants to sell as high as possible, and the other side wants to buy as low as possible. Through long-term continuous trading games, the trading spirit and means will become more and more refined, but not necessarily more and more moral.Therefore, market transactions themselves have a disintegrating effect on moral spirit.The moral or integrity derived from market transactions is mostly unstable short-term integrity or tool integrity.Because the life span of human beings is short.Therefore, in the construction of market economy, we must pay high attention to the construction of spiritual civilization. The more civilized the society is, the healthier the market economy will be.Without the construction of spiritual civilization, the market economy will be full of fraud, counterfeit and shoddy products.The foundation of the construction of spiritual civilization is cultural construction.The soul of cultural construction is the sense of awe.Because there is the sense of awe, there will be self-consciousness of personality.There will be self-consciousness of personality, there will be self-consciousness of market transactions. With self-consciousness of market transactions, the market defect range will be greatly reduced. Only with a small market defect range can a market economy become a relatively perfect market economy.OK, thank you, thank you.