宋圭武观点21：人类要完全消除偏见是不可能的

下面跟大家谈谈偏见问题。

偏见是一种常见现象，要完全消除是不可能的。

美国科学家萨顿指出：“即使是掌握最伟大真理的英雄，也不能完全摆脱偏见的束缚。”

美国哲学家桑塔亚那指出：人的见解是受利益驱动的，而利益上的差异必然要导致偏见的产生，因此，“理智是充满偏见的”。

德国存在主义哲学家海德格尔认为，理解是有条件的，人对事物的理解要受“理解的前结构”的制约，如社会文化背景、传统观念、风俗习惯和他所从属的民族心理结构等等，这些因素在理解活动中起着先入为主的作用。从这个角度来说，偏见的产生是在所难免的。

伽达默尔认为，偏见是人的历史存在状态，是一切理解得以进行的先决条件；偏见是人的视界，真正的理解过程是视界融合的过程，即解释者的偏见与被解释者的内容相融合并产生意义的过程。特别值得一提的是，伽达默尔将偏见分成两大类，一类是“合理的偏见”，另一类是“盲目的偏见”。合理的偏见是每个人都不可避免的，它是由历史传统造成的，我们每个人都生活在传统中，传统是无法超越的东西，而接受了传统也就意味着看问题有了自身的视角，意味着看问题的偏见性，因此合理的偏见是无法避免的。而盲目的偏见则是由于认识上的主观性错误，如盲目崇拜权威，轻率下结论等原因造成的，这种偏见是应当克服而且是可以克服的。

许多科学界人士认为：任何科学理论都无法达到绝对的全面性，也就是说，任何科学理论也都是带有片面性或偏见性的。西方著名科学家社会学家李克特指出：“作为科学的参与者，科学家们在描述科学时会有偏见，其方式就如同其他人在描述他们参与其中的现象时通常会有偏见一样。”

偏见产生的原因是多方面的。  

一是文化因素。许多思想家都十分强调文化在偏见形成中的作用。因为文化是我们每个人都不得不接受的东西，而文化又带有一定的民族性。

二是制度因素。社会制度对偏见有一种固化的作用。如种族隔离制度就是助长偏见的一种制度形式。

三是地位因素。偏见的产生与社会地位的差异也是密切相关的。占据优势地位的人们总想证明这些差异是正当的，并且愿意维持这些差异。

四是人格因素。具有权威人格的人，往往会以偏见来表达恐惧和敌意。    

五是宗教因素。戈登说：“宗教的作用显得自相矛盾，它制造偏见，同时又消除偏见。”

六是从众因素。容易从众的人容易产生偏见。

七是挫折因素。痛苦和挫折常常引起敌意。当我们遭遇挫折的原因令人胆怯或者莫名其妙的时候，我们往往会转移我们的敌对方向，寻找“替罪羊”。

八是竞争因素。现实群体冲突理论认为，一旦群体为稀缺资源而竞争，就会出现偏见。尼采说：任何对自己不满的人，随时都准备好了进行报复。而当利益发生冲突时，偏见对某些人来说就成为报复的手段。

九是归因因素。我们总是热衷于将人们的行为归结于他们的内在倾向，以至于不大理会那些重要的情境力。

十是刻板因素。所谓刻板印象就是指社会上对某一类事物或人所产生的一种比较固定的、缺乏客观的看法，这种看法把某些特征归属于团体的每一个成员，而不管团体成员中的实际差异。

十一是环境因素。偏见的形成程序与个人社会化的程序也是同步的。在成为社会人的过程中，个体会受到环境对个体的“威慑作用”，环境中的信仰以及非理性的观念通过具有“威慑作用”的环境强加给个体，个体通过自我暗示和自我重复不断地加强这些错误的和非理性的观念，最后就形成了偏见。

从社会发展实践看，人类要完全消除偏见是不可能的，但可以采取有效措施使偏见产生的危害最小化，或尽可能使人们之间的偏见最小化。

好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song's Viewpoint 21: It's impossible for human beings to completely eliminate prejudice

Now let's talk about prejudice. Prejudice is a common phenomenon, and it's impossible to completely eliminate it. American scientist Sutton pointed out: "Even the hero who mastered the greatest truth cannot completely get rid of the shackles of prejudice." American philosopher Santayana pointed out: people's opinions are driven by interests, and differences in interests will inevitably lead to prejudice, so "reason is full of prejudice". German existentialism philosopher Heidegger believed that understanding is conditional, and people's understanding of things is restricted by the "pre-structure of understanding", such as social and cultural background, traditional concepts, customs and habits and the national psychological structure he belongs to, etc. These factors play a predominant role in understanding activities.From this perspective, the generation of prejudice is inevitable. Gadamer believed that prejudice is the historical state of human existence, and it is the prerequisite for all understanding to be carried out;prejudice is the horizon of human beings, and the real process of understanding is the process of fusion of horizons, that is, the process of fusion of interpreter's prejudice and the content of the interpreted and the generation of meaning.It is worth mentioning that Gadamer divides prejudice into two major categories, one is "reasonable prejudice", and the other is "blind prejudice". Reasonable prejudice is inevitable for everyone, which is caused by historical tradition. Each of us lives in the tradition, which is unable to surpass. Accepting the tradition means that we have our own perspective to see the problem, which means that we are biased to see the problem, so reasonable prejudice is unavoidable.But blind prejudice is caused by subjective errors in cognition, such as blind worship of authority, hasty conclusions and other reasons. This kind of prejudice should be overcome and can be overcome. Many people in the scientific community believe that any scientific theory can not achieve absolute comprehensiveness, that is to say, any scientific theory is also one-sided or biased.The famous western scientist and sociologist Lecter pointed out: "As participants in science, scientists will be biased in describing science in the same way that other people are usually biased in describing the phenomenon in which they participate." The causes of prejudice are multifaceted.First, cultural factors.Many thinkers have emphasized the role of culture in the formation of prejudice.Because culture is something that everyone has to accept, and culture has a certain national character.Second, institutional factors.Social institutions have a solidifying effect on prejudice. For example, apartheid is an institutional form that promotes prejudice.Third, status factors.The generation of prejudice is also closely related to the differences in social status.People in dominant positions always want to justify these differences and are willing to maintain these differences.Fourth, personality factors.People with authoritative personalities tend to express fear and hostility through prejudice.Fifth, religious factors.Gordon said: "The role of religion is paradoxical. It creates prejudice and eliminates it at the same time." Sixth, conformity factors.People who are easy to conform are easy to be biased.Seventh, frustration factors.Pain and frustration often cause hostility.When the reasons for our frustration are daunting or incomprehensible, we tend to shift our hostility to find "scapegoats".Eighth, competition factors.Realistic group conflict theory believes that prejudice will occur when groups compete for scarce resources.Nietzsche said: Anyone who is dissatisfied with himself is ready to take revenge.And when interests conflict, prejudice becomes a means of revenge for some people.Ninth, attribution factors.We are always so keen to attribute people's behavior to their inherent tendencies that we fail to recognize important situational forces.Tenth, stereotype factors. The so-called stereotype is a relatively fixed and lack of objective view of a certain kind of things or people in society. This view attributes certain characteristics to every member of the group, regardless of the actual differences among the members of the group. Eleven is the environmental factor.The formation process of prejudice is synchronous with the process of individual socialization.In the process of becoming a social person, individuals will be subject to the "deterrence effect" of the environment on individuals. The beliefs and irrational concepts in the environment are imposed on individuals through the "deterrence effect" of the environment. Individuals constantly strengthen these false and irrational concepts through self-suggestion and self-repetition, and finally form prejudice.From the perspective of social development practice, it is impossible for human beings to completely eliminate prejudice, but effective measures can be taken to minimize the harm caused by prejudice, or to minimize the prejudice between people as much as possible.OK, thank you, thank you.