宋圭武观点3：人性善还是人性恶

　　人性恶，还是人性善，应是一个伪命题，或应是一个没有意义的讨论。人本性是趋利避害。

　　趋利避害，这是人的自然本能，是大自然的天然赋予，而且趋利避害这种本能不仅人类有，一切有生命体，都应有这种本能。因为假如有一种生命体，不是趋利避害，而是趋害避利，则这种生命体必然最终灭亡，最终不可能存在。

　　但要说趋利弊害是善，还是恶，则要具体问题具体分析，不能简单说是善或恶。因为趋利避害与善恶之间还有一段距离。比如，人锻炼身体，是趋利避害行为，但很难断定其善恶。再比如，人爱自己的子女，也很难断定其善恶。

　　如何断定趋利避害善恶，关键是看一个人的趋利避害行为是否对社会造成了伤害，若对社会有伤害，这种趋利避害行为就属于恶的范畴，若对社会没有伤害，则需要再进一步分析。比如，人爱自己的孩子，若产生对社会有害的情况，就多了恶的成分；若没有对社会产生有害的情况，人爱自己的孩子就是善，不是恶。

　　另外，人的趋利避害特征是属于自然属性的范畴，而善恶是属于社会属性的范畴。当人的自然属性危害社会时，这时自然属性就具有了恶的特征。当人的自然属性不具有危害社会的特征时，这时自然属性就不具有恶的特征。但此时是否具有善的特征，还需要具体问题具体分析。

　　另外，善恶的观念是随着社会经济形态的变化而变化的，不同民族有不同的善恶观念。但人的趋利避害特性是持久不变的，是不随社会经济形态变化而变化的。

　　另外，若一个人的行为虽然对社会没有造成伤害，但对自己造成了伤害，比如自残，这也应属于恶。因为：一是这种行为违背了自然进化原则；二是若大家都这样做，人类作为一类生命体，整体也受害。所以，善不仅包括对社会不能造成伤害，对自己也不能无故伤害。但若自己的行为虽然对自己造成了伤害，但对社会产生了好处，则这种对自己的伤害不应算恶。

　　另外，随着现代科学的发展，也不断证明，一个人的趋利避害行为也具有一定的遗传特征，比如控制力、同情心、偏好出轨，包括抑郁和幸福度等，都受一定程度的遗传影响。

　　如何在人的趋利避害特征与善恶之间建立有效联系，社会制度和文化的合理化是关键。好的制度和好的文化可以驱使人的趋利避害特征与善更多有机统一起来，而恶的制度和不好的文化则往往驱使人的趋利避害特征与恶更多统一起来。社会发展，要不断推进制度和文化的合理化建设，要给善以充分的激励。

　　甘肃省委党校宋圭武教授

　　Song Guiwu'sviewpoint 3： good or bad human nature

　　Human nature is evil， or human nature is good， should be a pseudo-proposition， or should be a meaningless discussion.Human nature is to pursue advantages and avoid disadvantages. To pursue advantages and avoid disadvantages， this is the natural instinct of human beings， which is naturally endowed by nature. Moreover， this instinct of pursuing advantages and avoiding disadvantages is not only possessed by human beings， but also by all living beings. Because if there is a living being that pursues advantages and avoids disadvantages instead of advantages and avoids disadvantages， it will inevitably perish and cannot exist in the end.But to say that pursuing advantages and disadvantages is good or evil， it is necessary to analyze specific problems specifically， not simply good or evil.Because there is a distance between pursuing advantages and avoiding disadvantages and good and evil.For example， people exercise their bodies， which is a behavior of pursuing advantages and avoiding disadvantages， but it is difficult to judge its good or evil.For another example， people love their children， which is also difficult to judge its good or evil.How to judge the good and evil of pursuing advantages and avoiding disadvantages， the key is to see whether a person's behavior of pursuing advantages and avoiding disadvantages has caused harm to society. If there is harm to society， this behavior belongs to the category of evil. If there is no harm to society， it needs further analysis.For example， if people love their children， if there is harm to society， there is more evil；if there is no harm to society， people love their children is good， not evil. In addition， the characteristics of human beings are belong to the category of natural attributes， and good and evil are belong to the category of social attributes.When the natural attributes of human beings harm society， then the natural attributes have the characteristics of evil.When the natural attributes of human beings do not have the characteristics of harm to society， then the natural attributes do not have the characteristics of evil.But whether they have the characteristics of good or not still needs a specific analysis of specific problems. In addition， the concept of good and evil changes with the change of social and economic forms， and different nations have different concepts of good and evil.But the characteristics of human beings are lasting and unchanging， and do not change with the change of social and economic forms. In addition， if a person's behavior does not cause harm to society， but causes harm to himself， such as self-mutilation， this should also belong to evil.Because： first， this behavior violates the principle of natural evolution；second， if everyone does so， human beings as a kind of living beings will also suffer as a whole.Therefore， good not only includes not causing harm to society， but also not causing harm to oneself without reason.But if one's behavior causes harm to oneself， but produces good results for society， then this kind of harm to oneself should not be evil. In addition， with the development of modern science， it has been proved that a person's behavior of pursuing profits and avoiding harms also has certain genetic characteristics， such as control， compassion， preference for derailment， including depression and happiness， are all affected by genetics to a certain extent.How to establish an effective link between the characteristics of pursuing profits and avoiding harms and good and evil is the key to the rationalization of social system and culture.Good system and good culture can drive people's characteristics of pursuing profits and avoiding harms more organically unified with good， while bad system and bad culture often drive people's characteristics of pursuing profits and avoiding harms more unified with evil.Social development， to constantly promote the rationalization of the system and culture， to give good enough incentives. Professor Song Guiwu， Party School of Gansu Provincial Committee