发言：张京宏

日期：2022.4.20  Netherlands  Hague

记录：

 

   宗教经济学是一个老龄化社会议题。老龄化社会底层需求除了吃饭看病，还有精神孤独需要陪伴等刚需，这些刚需产生了宗教发展的条件，进而产生了宗教经济行为。

 

一

 

宗教经济学是日本学者竹内宏（1930-2016）在1980年代提出的，提出背景是日本社会老龄化趋势。2006年，日本步入老龄社会，成为德国、意大利之后第三个老龄化国家。当前，中国社会老龄化趋势扑面而来，特别是上海等超级大城市老龄化趋势已经明显加快。

中国国内《管理世界》等哲学社会科学期刊文献中最近二十年来研究宗教经济学文献数量不多。2010年之前文献数量不超过40篇。国际上最先研究宗教经济学的是亚当·斯密。

本人在2013年至2017年用了五年时间，整理梳理了三大宗教关于利息诸多文献，编入了专著《利息伦理和借贷投融资》一书初稿之中（张京宏：《利息伦理和借贷投融资》，经济日报出版社，2019年4月第一版）。《利息伦理和借贷投融资》一书初稿44万字，2018年开始新华出版社、光明日报出版社进行出版审查中因为涉及对三大宗教利息比较，就涉及宗教和意识形态领域，从出版社自身政治风险和各方面综合考量，最终未能公开出版。此后经济日报出版社在2019年公开出版，但只出版了15万字，删除了29万字，主要是涉及三大宗教文献比较内容——这样把任何可能涉及到宗教和意识形态内容全部删除掉，就消除了出版风险，同时也使得出版后的专著仅仅成了骨架——保留了法条、案例、逻辑框架和主要筋骨部分，删除了最有研究价值但涉及宗教和意识形态的文献资料。确实宗教利息也涉及宗教和意识形态，最终出版传播的是骨架版本的著作，相当于把猪八戒减肥变成了孙悟空，胖的变瘦。但读者未必了解整个出版过程的艰辛，看到的只是皮包骨头的孙悟空。所以涉及宗教和意识形态领域本身就是非常敏感的，由此也可以理解为什么宗教经济学文献数量非常少。

 

二

 

马克思主义认为，人的生活中有三种力量——自然力量，社会力量，精神思维力量。恩格斯在反杜林论中对自然力量和社会力量进行过论述（恩格斯：《反杜林论》，《马克思恩格斯选集》第3卷，人民出版社1974年版，第80~299页）。马克思在《黑格尔法哲学批判导言》中分析了物质力量（自然力量和社会力量）和精神思维力量的关系，指出宗教是被压迫生灵的叹息，是人民的鸦片（马克思：《黑格尔法哲学批判导言》，《马克思恩格斯选集》第1卷，人民出版社1974年版，第2页））。宗教是一种精神力量。

目前全球70多亿人口中，60多亿信仰有神论宗教，10多亿信仰无神论（主要是共产主义）。美国总46任总统，其中42任信奉宗教，其余4任也和宗教关系密切。2018年圣诞节美国特朗普总统到伊拉克看望美军士兵，特意和海豹突击队成员中的牧师合影留念。特朗普总统信仰基督教，拜登总统信仰天主教。拜登总统上任后，2021年10月去梵蒂冈拜会教皇，教皇说，我虽然对美国一些政策和作法有不同意见，但仍可以请你（指拜登总统）吃个工作餐。东南亚泰国95%人口是佛教徒。从经济金融角度看，货币主义代表天主教，信用主义代表基督教。美元是全球通行货币，美元纸币上印有一句话：IN GOD WE TRUST。直接翻译就是“我们相信上帝”。货币跨越了信仰，1美元在国际汇率市场上可兑换6块多钱人民币。

 

三

 

马列主义经典作者对宗教态度有一个历史演变过程。马克思和列宁对宗教持负面看法。中国大陆对宗教看法有个变化过程，这个变化过程源于中国国情。中国大陆改革开放之后，宗教信仰发展很快。1990年大陆无神论者是有神论者9倍。2001年中国加入WTO后无神论者仅仅只是有神论者数量的2倍。2007年两者数量基本持平。这种剧烈对比变化主要是中国大陆改革开放带来的人口流动——人们离开故土，离开原来固定的熟人社会圈子，到流动性很强的地方打工，需要有精神依赖和安全感归属——既然陌生地方打工者人和人之间是竞争关系，难以深度信任，那么就信宗教吧。底层逻辑并不复杂。也有文献研究指出，加入宗教也能扩大信徒之间人际资源和增加互相信度。

在亚当·斯密看来，教会牧师和培训机构教师本质上差不多，都主要依靠教徒捐款或上级补助——教会以教徒捐款方式掩盖了学生缴纳学费参加培训活动的表象，本质上是相同的，牧师也要吃饭，也要生活。

中国国内党的十六大报告主要是“宗教适应论”，宗教要适应社会主义市场经济发展。十七大和十八大报告主要是“宗教作用论”。现在国内寺庙金融其实也很发达，不少寺庙有基金。上海有些寺庙基金扶持过毕业五年之内大学生创业，河南少林寺在国外买地投资，最近（4月9日）河南少林寺释永信方丈更是开出了4.5亿支票买了郑东新区57亩地投资。当然，国内绝大多数寺庙基金主流还是用于公益项目方面。十九大报告提出“宗教和谐论”。习主席2016年在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上要求加快完善包括宗教学在内的学科对哲学社会科学的支撑。

从目前公开信息看，中国大陆宗教人员40万人，和狱警45万人数量相当，教育和惩罚相结合，是任何国家都通用的做法。

 

四

 

不少人投资大健康养老，前些年都变相搞成了房地产，来钱快。随着政策变化，今后大健康养老投融资发展方向应当顺应国家政策和老龄化社会趋势刚需，在老年群体物质需求和精神需求两方面同时下功夫，这是一个长久方向。

如果没有这样视野和见识，仅仅去租赁地皮，搞一两百个床位，每个月每个老人几千块吃饭和照顾费用，那样的服务是非常初级和低端的。今后方向应当结合老年群体精神需求，深挖社会服务更人性化领域。当然，这方面也是很敏感的，尺度非常重要。古往今来，还没听说以退休老年群体为主展开的宗教活动能够威胁社会稳定和政权安危的。

考虑到现在大数据安全法律已经施行，相关涉及非公开范围的文献和数据就不展开。法律不断新增对我们要求会越来越具体，特别是涉及国家安全信息必须慎重，稍有不慎可能涉及间谍或泄露机密。过去人们以为就自然科学学科有机密，那对应自然力量部分；社会力量部分的社会科学和精神思维力量部分的宗教意识形态也有需要保密之处。

 

五

 

有一种观点，说《资本论》很难掌握。这里我们提供一个方法，阅读《圣经》有助于对《资本论》理解掌握。马克思是在对宗教经典阅读并批判基础上建立理论体系的，希望这个方法有助于理解《资本论》和宗教经济学，并对大健康养老投融资思路有所启发。（完）

 

Religious economics literature review and big health pension investment and financing from the perspective of Marxism

 

Speaker: Zhang Jinghong

Date: 2022.4.20 Netherlands Hague

Record:

 

   The economics of religion is an aging society issue. In addition to eating and seeing a doctor, the bottom-level needs of the aging society also have rigid needs such as spiritual loneliness and companionship. These rigid needs create conditions for religious development, which in turn lead to religious economic behavior.

 

One

 

The economics of religion was proposed by Japanese scholar Hiroshi Takeuchi (1930-2016) in the 1980s against the background of the aging trend of Japanese society. In 2006, Japan entered an aging society, becoming the third aging country after Germany and Italy. At present, the aging trend of Chinese society is coming, especially the aging trend of super cities such as Shanghai has accelerated significantly.

In China's domestic "Management World" and other philosophical and social science journals, there are not many literatures on the economics of religion in the past two decades. Before 2010, the number of papers should not exceed 40. The first person to study the economics of religion in the world was Adam Smith.

I spent five years from 2013 to 2017, sorting out the literature on interest in the three major religions, and compiled it into the first draft of the monograph "Interest Ethics and Loan Investment and Financing" (Zhang Jinghong: "Interest Ethics and Lending Investment and Financing". Financing”, Economic Daily Press, first edition in April 2019). The first draft of the book "Interest Ethics and Loan Investment and Financing" is 440,000 words. Since 2018, Xinhua Publishing House and Guangming Daily Publishing House have conducted a publication review because of the comparison of interest between the three major religions, involving the fields of religion and ideology. From the publishing house itself Due to political risks and comprehensive consideration of various aspects, it was finally not published publicly. After that, Economic Daily Press published it publicly in 2019, but only 150,000 words were published, and 290,000 words were deleted, mainly involving the comparison of the three major religious documents. It eliminates the risk of publication, and at the same time makes the monograph after publication only a skeleton—retains the statutes, cases, logical framework and main bones and bones, and deletes the most research-worthy documents related to religion and ideology. It is true that religious interests also involve religion and ideology, and the final publication and dissemination of works are skeleton versions, which is equivalent to turning Zhu Bajie’s weight loss into Monkey King, and fat people become thinner. But readers may not understand the hardships of the entire publishing process, and only see the skinny Monkey King. Therefore, the field of religion and ideology is itself very sensitive, and it is understandable why the literature on the economics of religion is very small.

 

Two

 

Marxism believes that there are three forces in human life - natural force, social force, and spiritual thinking force. Engels discussed natural forces and social forces in his Anti-Dühring Theory (Engels: Anti-Dühring, Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 3, People's Publishing House, 1974, pp. 80-299). In "Introduction to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right", Marx analyzed the relationship between material power (natural power and social power) and spiritual thinking power, and pointed out that religion is the sigh of oppressed creatures and the opium of the people (Marx: "Hegel". Introduction to the Criticism of Legal Philosophy", Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 1, People's Publishing House, 1974 edition, p. 2). Religion is a spiritual force.

At present, among the more than 7 billion people in the world, more than 6 billion believe in theistic religions, and more than 1 billion believe in atheism (mainly communism). Of the 46 presidents of the United States, 42 are religious, and the remaining 4 are also closely related to religion. On Christmas Day 2018, US President Trump visited US soldiers in Iraq and took a group photo with the chaplain of the SEALs. President Trump is Christian, and President Biden is Catholic. After President Biden takes office, he will visit the Pope at the Vatican in October 2021. The Pope said, although I have different opinions on some policies and practices in the United States, I can still invite you (referring to President Biden) to a working meal. 95% of the population of Thailand in Southeast Asia are Buddhists. From an economic and financial point of view, monetarism represents Catholicism, and creditism represents Christianity. The U.S. dollar is a global currency, and the words "IN GOD WE TRUST" are printed on the dollar bills. A direct translation is "we believe in God". Currency transcends beliefs, 1 US dollar can be exchanged for more than 6 yuan in the international exchange rate market.

 

Three

 

There is a historical evolution in the attitudes of Marxist-Leninist classic authors towards religion. Marx and Lenin had a negative view of religion. There is a process of change in mainland China's views on religion, and this process of change stems from China's national conditions. After the reform and opening up in mainland China, religious beliefs developed rapidly. In 1990, mainland atheists outnumbered theists by 9 times. After China joined the WTO in 2001, the number of atheists is only twice the number of theists. In 2007, the number of the two was basically the same. This drastic change in contrast is mainly due to the population mobility brought about by the reform and opening up in mainland China—people leave their homeland, leave the original social circle of acquaintances, and go to work in places with high mobility, which requires spiritual dependence and a sense of belonging—since There is a competitive relationship between workers in unfamiliar places and people, and it is difficult to trust deeply, so let’s believe in religion. The underlying logic is not complicated. Some literature studies have also pointed out that joining a religion can also expand interpersonal resources and increase mutual trust among believers.

From Adam Smith's point of view, church pastors and training institutions teachers are essentially the same, both relying mainly on donations from believers or subsidies from superiors. The church uses donations from believers to cover up the appearance of students paying tuition to participate in training activities, which is essentially the same. Pastors also need to eat and live.

The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China mainly focuses on "religious adaptation theory", and religion must adapt to the development of the socialist market economy. The reports of the 17th and 18th National Congresses are mainly "the theory of the role of religion". Now domestic temple finance is actually very developed, and many temples have funds. Some temple funds in Shanghai have supported college students to start their own businesses within five years of graduation. Henan Shaolin Temple bought land abroad for investment. Recently (April 9), Abbot Shi Yongxin of Henan Shaolin Temple wrote a cheque of 450 million to buy 57 acres of Zhengdong New Area. land investment. Of course, most of the temple funds in China are mainly used for public welfare projects. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the "Theory of Religious Harmony". At the symposium on philosophy and social sciences in 2016, President Xi called for accelerating the improvement of disciplines including religious studies to support philosophy and social sciences.

Judging from the current public information, there are 400,000 religious personnel in mainland China, which is equivalent to the 450,000 prison guards. The combination of education and punishment is a common practice in any country.

 

Four

 

Many people invest in big health care for the elderly. In the past few years, they have turned into real estate in disguise, and the money is fast. With policy changes, the future direction of investment and financing of big health care should be in line with national policies and the rigid needs of the aging society, and efforts should be made in both the material and spiritual needs of the elderly. This is a long-term direction.

If you don't have such a vision and insight, you just rent the land, build one or two hundred beds, and pay thousands of yuan for meals and care for each elderly person every month. That kind of service is very basic and low-end. The future direction should be combined with the spiritual needs of the elderly, and dig deeper into the more humanized areas of social services. Of course, this aspect is also very sensitive, and scale is very important. Throughout the ages, I have never heard that religious activities mainly carried out by retired elderly groups can threaten social stability and the security of the regime.

Considering that the big data security law has been implemented, relevant documents and data involving non-public scope will not be launched. The new laws will continue to require more and more specific requirements for us, especially when it comes to national security information, we must be cautious, and a little carelessness may involve espionage or leakage of secrets. In the past, people thought that the subject of natural science was kept secret, which corresponded to the part of natural forces; the social science of the social force part and the religious ideology of the spiritual thinking force part also needed to be kept secret.

 

Five

 

There is a point of view that Das Kapital is difficult to grasp. Here we provide a method, reading the "Bible" helps to understand and grasp the "Das Kapital". Marx established a theoretical system on the basis of reading and critiquing religious classics. He hoped that this method would be helpful for understanding Das Kapital and the economics of religion, as well as enlightening ideas on investment and financing of big health and old-age care. (Finish)