美国驻中国大使马克斯∙博卡斯
在上海纽约大学对学生发表的演讲
上海2014年10月7日
现场讲稿
博卡斯大使：谢谢雷曼（Lehman）副校长非常慷慨的介绍。
坦率地说，看到许多眼睛明亮、充满渴望的学生让我非常激动。我自己也曾上过大学，在这个礼堂看到大家显然我让想起了我的学生时代。我必须告诉你们，那时我从没想过我想要成为什么或做什么。根本没想法。什么想法都没有。我是一名典型的大学生。我学习，我想争取好成绩。我晚上出门，渡过愉快时光。但总的来说，尽管作为一名学生我很认真，我从没想过我想成为什么或做什么。
我去读法学院。我为什么去读法学院呢？我去读法学院是因为我读到过这是件值得做的事。当法国历史学家德·托克维尔旅行到美国时，他写道，美国律师是美国社会的螺母和螺栓，比其它任何国家都更是这样。我对自己说，好吧，我觉得我想成为这些螺母和螺栓中的一员。我想知道究竟怎么回事，并帮助美利坚合众国做制定协议和解决方案的相关工作。
然后我去华盛顿DC的一个政府部门工作。但当我还是名大学生期间，我就像你们现在一样，去海外的校园。斯坦福大学有几个海外校园。一个是在法国。我在法国上了六个月的学。六个月结束时，我做了一件事，它可能是让我这一刻站在这里的主要原因。那是什么呢？
当时，在国外的法国校园上了半年学后，我意识到我没有学到任何东西，于是我背上背包，一个小手提包，然后用一年时间搭便车周游世界。我横穿欧洲、非洲和亚洲。说实话，当时除了香港我没有来中国。
那是1963年，但那一年打开了我的眼界，正是那年埋下了后来对公共服务兴趣的种子。为什么？因为我意识到，我在当时的比属刚果，它震动了我。这是一种顿悟。这世界正变得越来越小，我们的天然资源正在减少，不管怎样，如果我们要更好地在这个世界上一起相处 - 这是早在1963年，如果我们要更好地在这个世界上一起相处，我们就要更加一起努力，分享我们的自然资源，如果我们要更好地一起相处，就要更好地一起努力，因为世界一直在越变越小。
所以，我真的很兴奋在这里见到你们。同学们，你们中有些人来自美国，有些人来自中国。我知道你们有些人是室友，相互学习。这很棒。真是太好了。我会鼓励你们跟随自己的直觉，相信自己，不要只是做你们老师说的，不要只是做你们父母说的。你只要做对你来说最合理的事，以这个词的最佳意思，以最适合你的方式，并做你认为当你年纪增长时会对你有意义的事情。
记住，没有紧闭的门。如果一条路行不通，总有另一条路可走，总有另一条道可循，我也强烈建议，当你们在纽约大学这里学习的时候（这是世界上最好的学府之一），你们记住所有这些。做的好，祝好运，你们担负着真正的责任。
现在，让我开始正式的讲话。
据我所知奥斯卡 - 奥斯卡∙福萨姆（Oscar Fossum） 在这里吗？为什么我提到奥斯卡？你们有些人可能认识他。奥斯卡∙福萨姆来自曼塔纳，在我比现在年轻得多的时候， 我就和他的父母很熟悉。我知道你的父母，奥斯卡。在曼塔纳的米苏拉，然后他们搬到了曼塔纳的海里纳。我们曼塔纳人游历各地。很高兴看到你，奥斯卡。
斯宾瑟（Spencer），你在这里吗？斯宾瑟 - 你在我DC的办公室工作过吗？斯宾瑟还有马克·约翰逊（Mark Johnson）曾在我DC的办公室工作过。马克在这里吗？马克·约翰逊，你爸爸是曼塔纳格雷特佛尔斯有名的(美式)足球教练。可能是曼塔纳现代史上最有名的足球教练。很高兴看到你，马克。
所以，感谢大家。谢谢校长先生的热烈欢迎和非常友好的讲话。我还要感谢华东师范大学的童校长和陈校长。
上海最有名的居民之一和中国最伟大的作家之一巴金曾经说过：“我生活在这世界上，是为着来征服生活。”
当我今天环顾这个房间时，我猜你们很多人想要听从巴金的话。你们想要勇敢地面对生活，充分利用你们的各种机会。我当然希望你们这样做。我尽我所能去做了。我希望你们更好。
正是这种感情，如我所说，几十年前把我带到了中国。是它激励我竞选公职并在合众国参议院服务这么多年。是它让我如此努力工作以确保中国加入世界贸易组织。是它今年把我带回这里担任美国驻中国大使。
所以，我觉得自己很幸运今天能够来到这里，聊一聊这些机会。
那样的进步在这个房间和全中国和全美国类似的房间里发生着。有超过235,000名中国学生在美国学习。比名单上位于第二的印度的两倍还多。数量空前的美国学生也正在中国学习。其中数十名今天就在场。
在过去的35年，无论是作为学生、企业家还是游客，是这样的人民间交流把我们更加紧密地联系起来。我对此深信不疑。我做这份工作的时间越长，我来这里已经六个月了，我就越发意识到这是如此正确。
仅在上海领事区内，每天都有十万多美国人在这里生活，工作，访问。去年，我们美国人，美国大使馆和领事馆为中国人民办理了180万份签证申请。180万。有40多万中国人就是在上海这里申请的美国签证。
这些人利用曾经一度没有的机会去旅游，工作，投资和学习。我们希望随着两国关系的紧密这种交流的数量随之增长。没有比我们两国经济关系更好的例证，用美国人喜欢说的话来形容就是 “joined at the hip”（密不可分）。
每天在我们两国之间流通着价值110亿元人民币的商品和服务。110亿，想想看，那可是每小时4.58亿元人民币！
2013年我们两国的贸易总额达到3.7万亿人民币。
更直观地说，这个数额可以购买7亿部iPhone 6。（笑声）。 这代表着一半的中国人人手一部新iPhone，也相当于瑞士全国的GDP。
事实上，美中贸易占全球贸易的15%。为了扩大这个庞大的数字并且销售更多，我们两国正在就双边投资条约进行谈判，这将进一步在两国刺激经济增长，创造就业机会。
其中很大一部分贸易正发生在这里。事实上，上海、浙江、江苏和安徽对2013年中国实际GDP总量的贡献超过了20％。20%，就在这个地区。
而那些数字还在继续增长。中国加入世界贸易组织的十三年中很多都发生了变化。我们的双边贸易是当时的约五倍，仅去年一年就超过六千亿美元。
简而言之，美中关系取得了长足进展。
显然，它必须走得更远。我们必须记住我们有多幸运，并以此作为我们前行的基础。我们真是幸运。美国人如此幸运，所有在中国的人也如此幸运。只要看看中国在过去几十年成长了多少。中国是幸运的。所有美国和中国的学生是非常幸运的。我们美国人是非常幸运的。
然而，在这个全球化的时代，没有国家有资本，用一个中国短语来说就是袖手旁观，更不要说世界最大两个强国。
让我来问你们：“如果美国和中国不来带头，谁来？”当我想到我们两国共同肩负的重大责任时，让我想起圣经里路加的一句话：“得天独厚者，须替天行道。”
我们被给予很多，所以现在我们必须行动。
我们面临来自每一方面的挑战，从国际安全到广泛流行的疾病，到气候变化。 而没有国家能完全不受伊斯兰国(ISIL)和暴力极端主义的威胁。
美国和中国正在和其他伙伴一起努力，实现我们关于无核化朝韩半岛的共同目标。我们，我们和中国，正在就伊朗问题与五常加一合作。我们正在南苏丹实现和平。
我们正在致力于将化学武器从叙利亚移除。我们正在非洲沿岸打击海盗。我们正在努力控制埃博拉的蔓延。
而在气候变化方面，坦率地说，威胁是切实的。现在比任何时候都需要雄心勃勃的联合行动。
美国和中国是世界最大两个经济体和主要碳污染源，其二氧化碳排放加起来占全球的40%以上—40%，美国和中国加起来。我们有责任一起带头，推动明年在巴黎达成全面协议。
我们可以领导一场清洁能源革命，包括从碳捕获和使用到封存的一切。我们正在提高机动车能效标准和排放性能。我们正在开发更智能的电网和更节能的电器。
我们的合作不仅将有利于我们两国和地区，还将有益于全世界。而时间不等人。
虽然有所有这些了不起的进展，我们仍然面临35 年前无法想象的挑战。我们有分歧，就像所有国家一样。
美国必须确保在这里运营的美国公司有公平的竞争场地，正如中国公司在美国与美国公司公平竞争一样。
我们想要同样的公平适用于网络空间。我们希望看到知识产权得到更好的保护。
我们还想看到一个强的、自信的中国尊重其公民的权利。因为历史表明，一个国家的崛起与它赋予其人民的自由和尊严成正比。而国家的繁荣与其释放的才能成正比。
这就是为什么我们继续敦促中国政府尊重法治，并维护普世权利和自由。这不是一项专门针对中国的政策，而是美国对外政策的全球做法。它反映了我们作为美国人的核心精神。
我们今天见面时，世界正在密切注视着香港。我们鼓励和平处理香港当局与抗议者之间的分歧。
我们相信，一个开放的、有最高程度自由、自治，并由法治治理的社会对香港的稳定和繁荣必不可少。香港的继续成功是美国和中国的共同利益所在。
随着我们向前，美中关系的问题是一个勇气的问题，一个远见的问题。让我来问你，“今天我们准备展现出35年前我们的国家建立外交关系时前总统吉米•卡特和邓小平展现出的同样勇气和远见吗？”
试想一下。他们有着怎样的勇气。吉米•卡特和邓小平。他们每人都必须承担风险，以使美中关系正常化。吉米•卡特不得不反抗美国的右翼，邓小平不得不反抗中国这里的左翼。他们所做的令人惊讶。难以置信。
我第一次见到卡特总统是他在1976年当选为第39届我们的总统时，那是在我被选入议会不久之后。1979年邓小平访问美国时，我与邓小平握了手。
用罗伯特•弗罗斯特的话讲，这些人走了“未走过的路”。这让我想起巴金。巴金也曾说过，“最初本没有路，走的了人多了，也便成了路”。
卡特总统和邓小平为了我们两个国家，我们两国人民，开始了这条道路。在某种程度上这条道路带领我们走到今天这里。他们做了正确的事情，我们必须做同样的事情。
美中关系是重要的。我们必须让它正确发展。为了我们的孩子和我们的孙子，当我们离开这个世界时，我们有道德义务让它保持原状或比原来更好。
这是下月欧巴马总统访问中国时的精神。欧巴马总统将与习主席再次会晤，继续深化我们就重大地区和全球性挑战的合作 —— 建立使我们能够就共同利益携手合作、就我们不一致的领域坦率沟通的关系。
我们不能成天只是去想。我们不能让任何一方抗争和怀疑的声音阻止我们去解决或者管理这些紧迫的挑战。
让我讲一个有关机会的故事来结束。一名来自杭州的年轻人有一个梦想。虽然他高考失败了两次，他坚持了下来。
他最终获得了英语学士学位，成为了一名英语教师。他创办了中国最早的基于互联网的公司之一，最近在纽约完成了世界有史以来最大的初始公开发行，成为了中国最富有的人。
你们都知道我说的是谁。我在抵达北京后不久，曾与马云共进午餐。他给我留下了深刻的印象。在许多方面，他代表了新中国和新的美中关系。
这个世界需要更多像马云这样的人，还有在中国和在美国的许多其他领导人。仍有迫切的挑战尚需聪明、有献身精神的人来制定新的解决方案。
马云向我讲述了他关于环境保护的强大动力。什么样的梦想驱动着你们每一个人？我们的未来只受限于我们的想象力和决心。
我也有一个梦想。就是这个梦想带我来到中国，而不是回到我曼塔纳州的家乡。这是为了中国，也是为了美国的梦想。毕竟，美国和中国在一条船上。我们必须互相帮助渡过前方不可避免的风暴。
我的梦想是看到一个继续与美国拥有健康、持久关系的中国。看到美国和中国能够就任何问题（无论大小）共同努力，从而为美国人、为中国人、为大家建设一个更好的世界。
是看到一个强的、有自信的中国的出现，它欢迎外国企业，珍视国家环境并尊重它的公民的权利。
我希望这个房间里的你们每个人抱以远大梦想，帮助中国繁荣兴旺。
正如哲学家老子曾说过，“千里之行，始于足下。”
让我们一起继续前行。
非常感谢。
Max Baucus
United States Ambassador to China
Speech to Students at NYU Shanghai
October 7, 2014
As Delivered
AMBASSADOR BAUCUS: Thank you, Vice Chancellor Lehman, very much for that very generous introduction.
It is very exciting, frankly, to see lots of bright-eyed eager students. I once went to college myself, and seeing all of you in this auditorium like this obviously reminds me of my days when I was a student. I’ve got to tell you, at that time I had no idea what I wanted to be and do. No idea whatsoever. None. I was a typical college student. I studied and I tried to get good grades. I went out at night, had a good time. But by and large, even though I was fairly conscientious as a student, I had no idea what I wanted to be and do.
I went off to law school. Why did I go to law school? I went to law school because I read that that’s a good thing to do. When the French historian de Tocqueville travelled to the United States, he wrote that in the United States lawyers are the nuts and bolts of what goes on in American society, more than in any other country. I said to myself, well gee, I think I want to be some of those nuts and bolts. I want to know what’s going on and help put together agreements and solutions for the United States of America.
Then I went off to work for a government agency in Washington, DC. But in the interim, when I was a college student, I did just what you’re doing now, I went to an overseas campus. Stanford University had several overseas campuses. One was in France. I went six months to school in France. At the end of six months I did something that is probably the main reason I’m standing right here at this moment. What’s that?
Back then, after going to school six months at a foreign campus in France I realized I had not learned anything, so I put a knapsack on my back, a little handbag, and I hitch-hiked around the world for one full year. I went through Europe and Africa and Asia. To be fair, I didn’t come to China except for Hong Kong back then.
The year was 1963. That year opened up my eyes and it was that year that planted the seed for a later interest in public service. Why? Because I realized, when I was in the then Belgian Congo, it just hit me. It was an epiphany. That the world’s getting smaller, our natural resources are diminishing, and somehow if we’re going to get along better in this world together -- this was back in 1963 -- if we’re going to get along better in this world together, we have to work harder to work together, share our natural resources, and just work better together, if we’re going to get along better together, because the world’s becoming smaller and smaller all the time.
So I’m really excited to see you here. Students -- some of you from the United States, some of you from China. I understand some of you are roommates and learning a lot from each other. That’s just great. That’s just wonderful. I’d encourage you to follow your instincts, trust yourself. Don’t just do what your teachers say, don’t just do what your parents say. You just do what you think makes the most sense for you in the best sense of the term, the most fulfilling sense of the term. And just do what you think as you get older would make sense for you.
Remember, there are no closed doors. If it doesn’t work out, there’s always another route to take, there’s always another course to take, another road to travel. And I’d urge you to remember all that as you’re studying here at NYU, one of the best institutions in the world. So good job, good luck, and you’ve got a real responsibility.
Now I’ll give you my formal speech.
I understand that Oscar -- Is Oscar Fossum here? Why did I mention Oscar? Some of you may know him. Oscar Fossum is from Montana and I knew his parents quite well when I was much younger. I knew your parents, Oscar. Missoula, Montana, then they moved to Helena, Montana. We Montanans get around. It’s good to see you, Oscar.
Spencer, are you here? Spencer -- did you work in my office in DC? Spencer worked in my office in DC, as well as Mark Johnson. Is Mark here? Mark Johnson, your dad is a famous football coach in Great Falls, Montana. Probably the most famous football coach in modern Montana history. It’s good to see you, Mark.
So thanks to everybody here. Thank you Chancellor, for your warm welcome, very nice remarks. I also thank Chancellor Tong and President Chen, East China Normal University.
One of Shanghai’s most famous residents and one of China’s greatest writers, Ba Jin once said, “I live in this world for the conquest of life.”
As I look around this room today, I suspect many of you want to heed the words of Ba Jin. You want to grab life by the horns and make the most of your opportunities. And I certainly hope you do. I did the best I could. I expect you to be even better.
It’s this sentiment, as I said, that brought me to China decades ago. It’s what prodded me to run for office and serve in the United States Senate for so many years. It’s what made me work so hard to help ensure that China would join the WTO, the World Trade Organization. And it’s what brought me back this year to serve the United States here as Ambassador to China.
So I feel so lucky to be here today and talk about these opportunities.
That progress happens in this room, and rooms like it all across China and all across America. There are more than 235,000 Chinese students studying in America. That is more than twice as come from India, which is next on the list. And an unprecedented number of American students are studying in China as well. Dozens of them are here today.
Over the past 35 years, whether as students, as entrepreneurs, or as tourists, it is people to people exchanges like these that bring us closer together. I believe that very strongly. The more I work in this job, and I’ve been here six months, the more I realize that’s so true.
Here in Shanghai’s consular district alone, more than 100,000 Americans live, work and visit this region on any given day. Last year we Americans, all the consulates and the Beijing embassy, handled 1.8 million visa applications for Chinese people. 1.8 million. And more than 400,000 Chinese applied for U.S. visas right here in Shanghai.
These are people taking advantage of opportunities to travel, to work, invest, and study, that once were not available. We’d like to see the number of these exchanges grow as our countries grow closer together. And there’s no better example than our economic relationship where our two nations are “joined at the hip,” as we Americans like to say.
Nearly 11 billion renminbi worth of goods and services flow between our countries every day. Eleven billion. Just think about that. That’s 458 million renminbi per hour.
Our total bilateral trade reached 3.7 trillion renminbi in 2013.
To put that into perspective, that could buy as many as 700 million iPhone 6’s. [Laughter]. That’s a new iPhone for half the people in China. That’s about the size of Switzerland’s entire gross national product.
In fact, United States-China trade counts for 15 percent of all global trade. To expand this massive volume and sell even more, our countries are negotiating a bilateral investment treaty that will further spur economic growth and create jobs in both countries.
Much of that trade is happening right here. In fact Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui were responsible for over 20 percent of China’s total GDP in 2013. 20 percent right here in this region.
And those numbers continue to grow. In the 13 years since China joined the WTO, much has changed. Our bilateral trade is about five times what it was then, more than $600 billion last year alone.
In short, U.S.-China relations have come a very long way.
Obviously they must go further. We must remember how lucky we are and use that as a foundation to move forward. We are really lucky. The Americans are so lucky, and all in China are so lucky. Just look at how much China’s grown in the last couple of decades. China’s lucky. All U.S. and Chinese students are very lucky. We Americans are very lucky.
In this global age, no country has the luxury, however, to “put their hands up their sleeves and idly watch,” to use a Chinese phrase -- let alone the world’s two largest powers.
Let me ask you: “If the U.S. and China don’t lead, who will?” When I think of the great responsibility our two countries share, I’m reminded of a quote from Luke in the Bible, “To whom much is given, much is required.”
We have been given much, so now we are required to act.
We face challenges on every front, from international security to pandemic diseases to climate change. And no country is immune to the threat from ISIL and violent extremism.
The United States and China are working together with other partners to achieve our shared objective of a denuclearized Korean Peninsula. We’re partnering with the P5+1 on Iran -- we and China are. We’re bringing peace to South Sudan.
We’re striving to remove chemical weapons from Syria. We’re combatting piracy off the coast of Africa. We’re working to contain the spread of Ebola.
And on climate change, let me be frank, that threat is real. Ambitious joint action is needed right now more than ever.
The United States and China are the world’s two largest economies and the leading sources of carbon pollution, together responsible for over 40 percent of global CO2 emissions -- 40 percent, U.S. and China together. We have a responsibility to lead together toward a comprehensive agreement in Paris next year.
We can lead a clean energy revolution on everything from carbon capture and utilization to storage. We’re improving vehicle efficiency standards and emissions performance. We’re developing smarter electric grids and more efficient appliances.
Our cooperation will benefit not only our two countries and the region, but the entire world. And the clock is ticking.
With all this remarkable progress, we still face challenges we could not have envisioned 35 years ago. We have disagreements, as all countries do.
The United States must ensure a level playing field for American companies doing business here, just as Chinese companies compete fairly against their American counterparts in the United States.
We want the same fairness to apply in cyberspace. We’d like to see improved protection of intellectual property rights.
We also want to see a strong and confident China that honors the rights of its citizens. Because history shows that a nation rises in proportion to the freedom and dignity it grants its people. And nations prosper in proportion to the talent they unleash.
This is why we continue to urge the Chinese government to respect rule of law, and uphold universal rights and freedoms. It’s not a policy unique to China, but rather a global approach to United States foreign policy. It is a reflection of who we are as Americans.
As we meet today the world is closely watching Hong Kong. We encourage differences between Hong Kong authorities and protesters to be addressed peacefully.
We believe that an open society, with the highest possible freedom, autonomy, and governed by the rule of law, is essential for Hong Kong’s stability and prosperity. Hong Kong’s continued success is in the shared interests of the United States and China.
As we move forward, the question on the U.S.-China relationship is one of courage, one of vision. Let me ask you: “Are we prepared today to show the same courage and vision as former President Jimmy Carter and Deng Xiaoping showed when our countries established diplomatic relations 35 years ago?”
Just think about it. What courage they had. Jimmy Carter and Deng Xiaoping. Each had to take risks to normalize relations between the United States and China. Jimmy Carter had to push back against the right wing of the United States. Deng Xiaoping had to push back against the left wing here in China. It’s amazing what they did. It’s incredible.
I first met President Carter when he was elected as our 39th President in 1976, shortly after I was elected to Congress. And I shook Deng Xiaoping’s hand when he visited the United States in 1979.
These men, in the words of Robert Frost, took the “road not taken.” That brings me back to Ba Jin. Ba Jin also said, “At first, there is no path. But once many people travel a certain way, then a path is formed.”
President Carter and Deng Xiaoping began that path for our two countries, and the people of our two nations. That path in part has led us here today. They did the right thing, and we must do the same.
This relationship is important. Let’s get it right. We have a moral obligation when we leave this place to leave it in the same shape or better shape than we found it, for our kids and for our grandkids.
This is the spirit with which President Obama will visit China next month. President Obama will meet again with President Xi to continue deepening our cooperation on major regional and global challenges -- building a relationship that allows us to work together on shared interests and to talk frankly about the areas where we disagree.
We don’t have all day to ponder. We can’t permit the voices of rivalry and doubt on either side to hold us back or to prevent our solving -- or at least managing -- these urgent challenges.
Let me close with a story about opportunity. A young man from Hangzhou had a dream. Despite failing the college entrance exam twice, he persevered.
He finally got his bachelor’s degree in English and became an English teacher. He founded one of China’s earliest internet-based companies, and recently completed the world’s largest-ever initial public offering in New York, and became the wealthiest man in China.
You all know whom I’m talking about. I had lunch with Jack Ma shortly after arriving in Beijing, and I was deeply impressed with him. In many respects, he represents the new China and the new U.S.-China relationship.
The world needs more people like Jack Ma, along with so many other leaders in China and in the United States. There are urgent challenges out there that need smart, devoted people to devise new solutions.
Jack Ma explained to me his strong drive for environmental conservation. What dreams drive each of you? Our future is only limited by our imagination and our resolve.
I also have a dream. It’s what brought me to China instead of heading back to my home state of Montana. It is a dream for both China and America. After all, the United States and China are in the same boat. We must help each other weather the inevitable storms that lie ahead.
My dream is to see a China that continues to have a healthy, durable relationship with the United States. It’s to see the United States and China working together on any problem no matter how large or small. For us to build a world better for Americans and for Chinese -- for everybody.
It’s to see the emergence of a strong confident China that welcomes foreign businesses, treasures its national environment, and honors the rights of its citizens.
I want each of you in this room to dream big, to help China thrive.
As the philosopher Laozi once said, “The thousand mile journey begins beneath your feet.”
Let’s keep walking together.
Thank you very much.