因为一次高危性行为就怀疑自己感染了艾滋病病毒，进而在身体上陆续出现一些类艾滋病症状，然而，经过一次次检查，结论都是“HIV呈阴性”，这就是最近备受关注的“恐艾症”患者。在排除患上艾滋病的可能性之后，疑虑的焦点又被转移到“未知病毒”，“恐艾症”患者的称呼也随之发生了变化，现在他们被称作“自述未知病毒感染者”。“未知病毒”究竟是什么？这个问题连最权威的流行病学家也无法解答，因为它根本就不存在。心理学家试图从心理学层面寻求答案，他们认为，所谓的“自述未知病毒感染者”其实是心病了，而不是身体病了。
疑问1：他们为什么觉得自己有病？
“自述艾滋病毒感染者”表现近似疑病症
对于“自述未知病毒感染者”的状况，北京中日友好医院心理专家王彦玲并不陌生。在临床上，她碰到过各式各样怀疑自己得了某种事实上并不存在的疾病的患者，其中也包括怀疑自身感染了艾滋病的求医者。“这类人通常都有过不洁性行为，因此很紧张，总是担心自己被感染，反复去做检查，当结果显示他们没感染艾滋病的时候，他们和常人的反应截然不同，不会因为没被感染感到高兴，反而怀疑报告拿错了或医生搞错了，然后周而复始地奔波于不同的医院去检查。这就是典型的疑病症的表现。”王彦玲说。
疑病症是疑病性神经症的简称，病人对自身健康状况或身体某一部位或某一部分功能过分关注，怀疑患了某种躯体或精神方面的疾病，但与实际健康状况不符，医生的解释或检查都不足以消除病人的看法。王彦玲表示，根据媒体报道对“自述未知病毒感染者”的描述，他们的状况符合疑病症的特点。
“疑病症患者往往会将身体的一些不适放大，像‘自述未知病毒感染者’，起初可能只是感冒引起的嗓子疼，却被无端地和艾滋病联想到一起，让自己整天寝食难安，进而出现明显的抑郁、焦虑情绪，这些情绪让人变得消瘦、乏力，而身体上的这些变化又会被当作患病的‘症状’。”
“自述未知病毒感染者”普遍反映有肌肉跳动的症状，王彦玲解释，肌肉跳动其实并不是艾滋病的典型症状，在神经症患者身上反而更常见。“它是典型的心理作用，是心因性的一个症状，和焦虑有关。”
“疑病症”患者通常都有一定的人格基础，王彦玲解释道，“这类人容易紧张，爱焦虑，而且对自身很敏感，有些还带有强迫色彩，他们追求完美，不易受到外界干扰，总是按照自己的想法去做，甚至带有一些偏执色彩。”
疑病症让心理专家也头疼
王彦玲告诉记者，早在上学的时候，她就被“教诲”过，疑病症是一种非常难以治愈的神经性疾病。“疑病症不仅仅局限于艾滋病，还包括癌症疑病症患者、高血压疑病症患者等等。艾滋病的诊断结果是比较明确的，阴性就是阴性，阳性就是阳性，因而艾滋病疑病症患者对疾病还能‘心里有数’。但有些患者比如持续的腿疼，医生又查不出问题，诊断无法做到非常明确，患者就会坚信自己‘有病’。”
王彦玲说，疑病症患者让人头疼的一点在于，他们根本意识不到身体上的不适是心理造成的，他们绝对不会主动求助于心理医生，甚至会对试图帮助他的心理医生相当排斥。“对待这样的病人我们要讲究一定的技巧，首先，要耐心倾听，病人有时候自述求医过程会不停说上一两个小时，我们尽量不打断，耐心地给病人足够的自述时间。其次，坚决不能说‘你没病’。疑病症患者的特点就是坚信自己‘有病’，如果对他说‘没病’，他马上就觉得这个医生水平不行，会变得很反感，甚至抗拒治疗。心理医生要和疑病症患者达成充分的信任，问诊过程中可以适当借助一些动作达到这个目的。比如有的病人说自己背疼，此时心理医生就要做一些检查或安抚的动作，表示你‘认同’他的主观感受。当病人信任你的时候，再去影响他，就会有效果了。”
疑问2：为什么大家都出现相同的症状？
癔病：会传染的心理疾病
“自述未知病毒感染者”的另一个特征是群体性。这个群体有自己的QQ群和网站，大家在这些平台上交流病情，发现彼此有很多相似的症状。即便是初发患者，经过一段时间之后，身体上也出现了与其他“病友”类似的后期症状。
针对这一情况，王彦玲分析，“自述未知病毒感染者”这个群体是带有一种癔病色彩的。癔病是一种临床上较为常见的神经症，常由于精神因素或不良暗示引起发病。“癔病通过互相暗示而具有传染性，比如一个班级里有个孩子打针后肚子疼，当其他同学得知后，也相继出现了肚子疼的症状。同样，‘自述未知病毒感染者’之间也会通过一定的心理暗示，让大家都产生相同的症状。”
新闻回放
从2009年底开始，陆续有媒体报道，包括广东在内的六省市出现怀疑感染某种“未知病毒”的人群，这些人往往身体出现相似症状，如皮下淋巴肿大、关节响、肌肉跳、乏力等。这类人群中多数发生过高危性行为，因此最初怀疑是感染了艾滋病病毒所致，但检查结果均呈现阴性。这批“自述疑似艾滋病感染者”随后引发国家卫生部门关注。中国疾控中心专家曾两次针对这一人群进行流行病学调查，并将样本送往美国检测，结果都指向HIV检查呈阴性，无明显器质性病变，可排除感染艾滋病病毒的可能。同时，检测结果还显示也未查出所谓的“未知病毒”，而且该人群所述疾病也不具备传染性和聚集性。然而，该人群并不认可这一论断。专家指出，患者认为自己感染艾滋病病毒或未知病毒，更多是一种心理因素。
延伸阅读
甘肃首阳镇小学生集体中毒事件
2010年4月，陇西县首阳镇三十铺小学学生在出早操时闻到类似农药的刺鼻气味，导致68名学生陆续出现头晕、四肢无力、腹痛等不适反应。经调查，校园周边并未发现违规使用农药的情况，学校没有集体食堂，学生也没有集体饮水，陇西县卫生系统专家推断，学生出现不适症状是“群体心因性反应”。
吉林化纤集团千人不良反应
2009年4月，吉林化纤集团腈纶厂员工闻到刺激性的气味，部分工人出现头晕、恶心等不适症状，近千名员工到医院就诊。事发后曾有人怀疑是工厂附近的化工厂生产过程中异常排放所致。经过专家组在化纤厂、化工厂现场调查，空气中有害物质检测结果未显示超过国家标准，与急性化学中毒的发病特点不符，排除了化工厂生产过程中逸散到空气中的有害物质引起的可能性。此次事件最终被认定为群体性“心因性疾病”。
广东46名学生接种疫苗不适
2010年4月，广东揭阳市惠来县岐石镇坑仔学校一名学生在接种乙肝疫苗后出现头晕、恶心、乏力等症状，随后同校共有46人表示出现类似症状。经注射葡萄糖和能量合剂等安慰剂治疗，绝大部分学生的不适症状消失。调查组根据现场流行病学调查结果、临床症状和实验室检查结果，认定该事件属疑似群体性心因性反应引起。
安徽泗县疫苗事件
2005年6月，安徽省泗县大庄镇卫生防疫保健所组织全镇19所学校的中小学生接种“甲肝疫苗”，有120多名学生在接种后出现了头痛、胸闷、四肢麻木等不良反应，一名6岁小学生死亡。事件发生后，泗县成立了专门的调查组对事件原因展开调查，认定所用甲肝疫苗为合格品，卫生部将此事件确定为“违规集体接种甲肝疫苗引起的群体性心因性反应”。
本版撰文 晨报记者 孔瑶瑶
艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复
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| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
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Physically ill or had heart disease? (Photo)
2011-04-16 01:17:24 Source: Beijing Morning Post (Beijing)
Because a high-risk sexual behavior to suspect are infected with HIV, and then start to appear in the body some classes of AIDS symptoms, however, after a second inspection, the conclusion is "HIV negative", which is the recent concern of the "fear of AIDS syndrome "patients. To exclude the possibility of suffering from AIDS, the concern was again the focus shifted to "unknown virus", "fear of AIDS disease" patients call also will be changed, and now they are called "Read unknown virus infection." "Unknown virus" What is it? This problem even the most authoritative epidemiologist can not answer, because it does not exist. Psychologists attempt to seek answers from a psychological level, they argue, the so-called "readme unknown virus infection" is actually heart disease, rather than the body sick.
Question 1: Why do they feel sick?
"Read persons living with HIV," the performance of similar hypochondriasis
For the "Read unknown virus infection" of the situation, the Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital, Beijing psychologist Wang Yanling is not new. Clinically, she had come across a variety of suspect disease in fact did not exist in patients, including the suspect's own doctor were infected with AIDS. "These people usually have had dirty sex, so very nervous, always worried about being infected, do check again, when the results showed they were not infected with HIV, they and the different reactions of ordinary people, not because not been infected are pleased, but suspect that doctors report a wrong or a mistake, and then run around again and again to check in different hospitals. This is a typical performance of hypochondria. "Wang Yanling said.
Hypochondriac hypochondriacal neurosis is short, the patients for their own health or body part or a part of the function of too much attention, suspected of having some kind of physical or mental illness, but does not match the actual health condition, the doctor's explanation or check are not sufficient to eliminate the patient's view. Wang Yanling said that according to media reports on the "Read unknown virus infection," the description of their situation meets the characteristics of hypochondria.
"Hypochondriac patients often will not amplify some of the body, like the 'readme unknown virus infection', at first may just be due to a sore throat and cold, but was no reason to associate with AIDS so that they are all sleepless nights, and then significant depression, anxiety, these emotions make people become thin, weak, and these changes in physical illness will be treated as 'symptoms'. "
"Read unknown virus infection" generally reflect the symptoms of muscular beats, Wang Yanling explained that muscle is not really beating the typical symptoms of AIDS, but patients in the neurological disorder is more common. "It is a typical psychological effect, is a cardiac symptoms, and anxieties."
"Hypochondria" patients usually have a certain personality based, Wang Yanling explained, "These people tend to stress, anxiety and love, but also very sensitive to their own, and some with a forced color, their pursuit of perfection, less susceptible to outside interference, the total done in accordance with their own ideas, and even color with some paranoid. "
Psychological experts have suspected for headache disorders
Wang Yanling told reporters back in school, she was "taught" before, hypochondria is a very difficult to cure neurological diseases. "Hypochondria is not limited to AIDS, including cancer patients with suspected disease, high blood pressure in patients with hypochondria and so on. AIDS diagnosis is relatively clear, negative is negative, positive is positive, so AIDS patients with suspected symptoms of disease but also 'idea in mind'. but in some cases such as persistent leg pain, the doctor has found no problems, diagnosis can not be very clear, the patient will believe that their 'sick'. "
Wang Yanling said hypochondria that headache patients is that they do not realize the body is the psychological discomfort, they will not take the initiative to turn to a psychiatrist, and even will try to help him and reject the psychiatrist. "We treat such patients to pay attention to certain skills, first of all, to listen patiently, sometimes the patient will continue with the process said the readme seeking one or two hours, we try not to interrupt the patient and give the patient sufficient time to the readme. Second, the firm can not say, 'You do not sick'. hypochondriac patient characteristics is convinced that he 'sick', if he says 'not ill', he immediately felt the level of the doctor can not, will become very disgusted, and even to resist treatment. hypochondriac psychiatrist and patient to achieve full confidence, the appropriate inquiry process can help some action to achieve this goal. For instance, some patients say that their back pain, this time a psychiatrist to do some tests or appease the action, that you 'agree' his subjective feelings. When patients trust you, go of him, would have the effect of the. "
Question 2: Why does everyone appear the same symptoms?
Hysteria: the mental illness is contagious
"Read unknown virus infection" Another feature of group. QQ this group has its own group and website, we communicate these platforms disease, discovered they had a lot of similar symptoms. Even the initial issuance of patients, after a period of time, the body also appeared with the other "patients" like the later symptoms.
In response, Wang Yanling analysis, "Read unknown virus infection," the group is colored with a kind of hysteria. Hysteria is a more common clinical neurological disease, often due to psychological factors or adverse implied cause disease. "Hysteria implied by each other and with the infectious, such as a classroom, a child stomach pain after injection, when the other students learned, too, there have been symptoms of stomach pain. Similarly, the 'unknown HIV readme' between will be through a certain psychological suggestion, so we all have the same symptoms. "
News Playback
From the end of 2009, one after the media reports, including the six provinces, including Guangdong, suspected there some kind of "unknown virus" of people, who often appear similar to the physical symptoms, such as subcutaneous lymph nodes, joint ring, muscles jumping, fatigue and so on. Most of this population occurred in high risk sexual behavior, it was originally suspected to be caused by infection with the AIDS virus, but test results showed a negative. These "readme suspected AIDS," then lead to the state health department concerns. China CDC experts have twice the population for the epidemiological investigation, and samples sent to the United States, and the results point to the HIV test was negative, no organic disease, may exclude the possibility of HIV infection. Meanwhile, the test results also show that have not found the so-called "unknown virus", and that the population does not have the infectious diseases described and aggregation. However, the crowd does not recognize this claim. Experts pointed out that the patient finds himself or unknown HIV virus, more of a psychological factor.
Further reading
The first primary school students in Gansu mass poisoning xiangyangzhen
April 2010, the first xiangyangzhen Longxi County, thirty students in the school shop when morning exercise pungent smell similar to the smell of pesticides, resulting in 68 students being pushed dizziness, weakness, abdominal pain and other discomfort. After investigation, no breaches were found around the campus use of pesticides, the school is no collective canteens, students are no collective drinking water, Longxi county health system experts concluded that the students are there symptoms "group psychogenic reaction."
Thousands of adverse reactions Jilin Chemical Fiber Group
April 2009, Jilin Chemical Fiber Group acrylic plant employees irritating smell the smell, some workers dizziness, nausea and other symptoms, nearly a thousand people to the hospital. After the incident it has been suspected chemical plant near the factory production process due to abnormal discharge. After a group of experts in the chemical plant, chemical plant site investigation, the air of harmful substances in the test results did not show more than the national standard, and the clinical characteristics of acute chemical poisoning does not match the chemical production process, excluding emission of harmful substances into the air caused possibilities. The incident was eventually identified as groups of "psychogenic illness."
Guangdong 46 students not vaccinated
April 2010, Jieyang City, Guangdong County, Hui Qi Shi Town Kengzi to a student in the school after hepatitis B vaccination dizziness, nausea, fatigue and other symptoms, followed by the same school, said a total of 46 similar symptoms. The injection of glucose and energy mixture, etc. placebo, the majority of students symptoms disappear. According to field epidemiological investigation team findings, clinical symptoms and laboratory test results, found the event is suspected cardiac mass caused by the reaction.
Anhui Sixian vaccine events
June 2005, a large town in Anhui Sixian Health Organization health and epidemic prevention in schools in the town 19 primary vaccination, "hepatitis A vaccine," more than 120 students have emerged after inoculation, headache, chest tightness, numbness of the limbs and other adverse reactions, a 6-year-old students were killed. After the incident, Sixian set up a special investigation team to investigate on the cause of the incident, identified by the use of the vaccine for qualified products, the Ministry of Health identified this event as a "non-compliance caused by hepatitis A vaccine mass immunization mass psychogenic response."
Author Morning News reporter Kong Yaoyao edition
