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歧视让艾滋病离普通人越来越近
2010年12月06日 07:42中国青年报
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| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
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夏秀（化名）告诉中国青年报记者：“如果我得的是癌症或是没有传染性的疾病，孩子可能早就被收养了，正是这常人谈之色变的艾滋病，让不少人‘犹豫’了。”
“夏秀的遭遇令人遗憾，但的确反映了目前社会上绝大多数人对于艾滋病的认识。虽然有收养意愿的家庭对艾滋病传播途径有理性认识，孩子也有医疗机构健康报告的证明，但他们仍然担心可能会面临的风险：一方面是信息保密问题，一旦孩子的艾滋病母亲身份泄露，极易引发周围人对收养家庭的歧视；另一方面，由于母亲仍然健在，收养关系确立了，但要彻底断绝母子关系是不可能的，对收养家庭来说也面临风险；同时，从内心来说，仍然担心是否会有感染的可能。”新疆社会科学院社会学研究所副研究员吐尔文江说。
“归根结底还是社会歧视问题。”吐尔文江认为，社会对艾滋病的心理歧视有着很深的社会文化背景，虽然国家各个部门逐年加大对艾滋病防治的资金投入与宣传力度，但大多数公众对艾滋病的认识比较浅。
为免受歧视，很多艾滋病病人都选择了隐瞒病情。和夏秀一样，古依（化名）也是一名艾滋妈妈，她生活在一个大家庭里，家人得知她感染艾滋病病毒后，开始刻意地孤立她、疏远她。古依有苦说不出，有时忍得几近疯狂，真想一死了之。
歧视，已成为悬在艾滋病病毒感染者与艾滋病病人头上的一柄利剑，不时剜割着一颗颗伤痕累累的心。
记者从新疆维吾尔自治区艾滋病防治办公室获悉（以下简称“新疆艾防办”），截至今年9月底，全区累计报告艾滋病病毒感染者32532例（累计报告感染者人数位居全国第五，人群感染率位居全国第二），其中艾滋病病人5651例，死亡3824例。全区所有的县、市、区均报告有艾滋病疫情。据疫情估计，全区感染者人数近6万例。
新疆艾防办工作人员表示，目前，新疆艾滋病流行趋势已呈现出如下特点：疫情仍维持在较高水平，上升趋势有所减缓；静脉吸毒人群艾滋病感染率呈下降趋势，性传播逐渐成为主要途径；艾滋病流行因素广泛存在，正在从高危人群向一般人群扩散，社会影响已经显现，防控形势十分严峻。
来自卫生部的最新数据显示，截至2010年10月底，我国累计报告艾滋病病毒感染者和病人37万余例，其中病人13万余例，死亡6.8万余例。局部地区和特定人群疫情严重。
与此同时，性传播已成为主要传播途径，男性同性性传播上升速度明显。历年报告病例中男性同性性传播所占比例从2008年的5.9%上升到2009年的8.6%。
卫生部相关负责人坦言，高危行为广泛存在，缺乏阻断经性途径传播的有效干预手段是艾滋病防控工作面临的一大挑战。
这位负责人还指出，近年来，我国艾滋病反歧视工作成效显著，社会对于艾滋病患者表现出一定包容度，但高危人群不愿意接受检测、感染者不愿意暴露自己感染状况等情况仍然存在。这些都不利于艾滋病的早发现与早治疗。
“目前，艾滋病从高危人群向一般人群扩散，意味着艾滋病离普通人越来越近了。然而，受传统观念影响，大多数人仍觉得艾滋病离自己很遥远。”新疆维吾尔自治区妇联权益部部长沙妮娅·马木提说。
在多数人心中，艾滋病仍然是一个十分隐讳的话题。
每年12月1日的世界艾滋病日，各部门都要进行艾滋病防治集中宣传。但在去年共青团乌鲁木齐市委、乌鲁木齐市志愿者协会开展的发放宣传资料及避孕套的艾滋病宣传服务活动过程中，“离我远点”、“我不想要这个”、“这跟我有什么关系”等反馈结果令人担忧。调查中，八成市民拒谈艾滋病，认为艾滋病离自己很遥远。
吐尔文江说，艾滋病本身是一个公共卫生问题，但在我国的社会文化背景下，艾滋病等同于道德败坏、性乱等道德问题。同时，由于艾滋病无法根治，感染上艾滋病似乎就与死亡画上等号，人们大多会产生极度恐惧心理。道德与死亡恐惧的双重叠加，人人谈之色变。
《中国艾滋病病毒感染者歧视状况调查》结果显示，三分之二的受访者表示其家人曾因自己的感染状况而遭受歧视。在有子女的受访者中，9.1%的受访者称其子女（不一定是感染者）由于家长的感染状况被迫离开学校。女性所遭受的侮辱和歧视较男性更为普遍。
“相对男性而言，女性在面对艾滋病的侵扰时，表现得更加脆弱。”沙妮娅·马木提说，调研中发现，很多艾滋母亲由于文化素质较低，自我保护意识弱，对艾滋病防治知识知之甚少，她们大多被动地感染上艾滋病病毒，怕遭受歧视而隐瞒病情，成为直接的受害者。
夏秀和古依都是接受艾滋病母婴阻断传播的受益者，她们还享受免费抗病毒治疗，定期去乌鲁木齐市疾控中心取药、复检。
古依在领取免费的抗艾滋病病毒用药时，曾多次见过一个从事性服务的年轻女郎。古依说：“女郎怕被周围人发现，常从县城跋涉几百公里来到乌鲁木齐取药，在其工作地点，没人知道她是艾滋病病人。”
古依劝她，“别再危害他人了，在这个圈子里找个男朋友好好生活。”
女郎却说，“社会歧视我们，我要报复。”
吐尔文江在调研时发现，在我国，由于社会歧视、死亡恐惧及绝望心理等诸多社会因素，患者知道自己感染艾滋病病毒后，通过血液和性行为传播艾滋病病毒的高危行为几率较高，而在部分国家，公众在知道自己是艾滋病患者后的高危行为比率能控制在68%。
“目前，国家各部门高度重视、投入大量资金进行艾滋病防治、咨询、心理干预等工作，通过在县、市设立专门的针具交换点、艾滋病母婴阻断药物治疗等方式，大大降低了艾滋病病毒通过吸毒或母婴传播的几率。但是，目前通过性行为传播艾滋病病毒的巨大危害已成为不容忽视的社会问题。”吐尔文江说。
“目前，面对社会公众的宣传力度依然不够，很多政府部门受传统思维影响不敢公开地开展宣传活动，公众越不清楚，越会增加对艾滋病的恐惧，由此形成恶性循环。”吐尔文江表示，这是一个需要全社会共同关注的话题，特别需要开始反思艾滋病防治宣传的有效性。
“恐惧来源于无知，无知又加剧了恐惧。”吐尔文江说。
Discrimination from the ordinary people closer to AIDS
At 07:42 on December 6, 2010 China Youth Daily
Summer Show (a pseudonym) told the China Youth Daily reporter: "If I had cancer or not infectious diseases, children may already be adopted, it was that ordinary people talk about the mere mention of AIDS, so many people ' hesitation 'of. "
"Unfortunately, the summer hit show, but it does reflect the current society, the vast majority of people for AIDS awareness. Although there are adoptive families will of a rational understanding of HIV transmission, the children have medical proof of health reports, but they still concerned about the possible risks: one is confidentiality of information, once the mother of the child's HIV status disclosure, can easily lead to people around the discrimination against adoptive families; the other hand, the mother is still alive, the adoptive relationship established, but mother-child relationship is not possible to completely cut off, and for adoptive families who are at risk; the same time, from the heart, there is still worried about whether there will be possibility of infection. "Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Sociology, Associate spit Kelvin Jiang said.
"In the final analysis or social discrimination." Spit Kelvin Jiang that social discrimination against AIDS has deep psychological social and cultural background, although the country's various departments has been increasing annual funding of AIDS prevention and advocacy efforts, but most of the public on AIDS was quite shallow.
To avoid discrimination, many AIDS patients have chosen to conceal the condition. And summer shows, like, ancient by (a pseudonym) is an HIV mother, she lives in a big family, the family learned she was infected with AIDS virus, began to deliberately isolate her, alienating her. By 有苦说不出 ancient, and sometimes put up with a crazy, really want to commit suicide.
Discrimination, has become suspended in the HIV and AIDS patients head-edged sword, cutting a dolphin cut out from time to time scarred heart.
Press office was informed from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region AIDS (hereinafter referred to as "AIDS Prevention Office of Xinjiang"), as at the end of September this year, the region reported a total of 32,532 cases of HIV infection (the cumulative number of reported infections among the nation's fifth infection rate ranked second), of which 5,651 cases of AIDS patients, died 3824 cases. All the region's counties, cities, districts have all reported AIDS epidemic. According to the epidemic is estimated that the number of infected region nearly 6 million cases annually.
Xinjiang Ai Prevention Office staff said that at present, Xinjiang, HIV prevalence trends have shown the following characteristics: the epidemic is still at a higher level, the rising trend has slowed; HIV infection rates among injecting drug users decreased gradually become the main means of transmission ; widespread AIDS epidemic factors, moving from high-risk groups to the general population, society has begun to show, prevention and control of the situation is very grim.
The latest data from the Ministry of Health, as of the end of October 2010, the cumulative reported HIV infection and the patient more than 37 cases, of which 13 million cases of patients, death of 6.8 million cases. Specific populations of local areas and the epidemic is serious.
At the same time, sexual transmission has become a major route of transmission, male homosexual transmission rate of increase significantly. Reported cases over the years in the proportion of male same-sex sexual transmission of 5.9% from 2008 to 2009 increased 8.6%.
The Ministry of Health responsible person admitted widespread high-risk behavior, the lack of blocking by the sexual transmission of AIDS interventions and effective prevention and control work is facing a major challenge.
The official also pointed out that in recent years, China achieved remarkable results in anti-AIDS, community AIDS patients showed some degree of tolerance, but not willing to accept testing high-risk groups, unwilling to reveal their HIV infection status is still there. These are not conducive to early detection of HIV and early treatment.
"Currently, AIDS high-risk groups to the general population from the spread of AIDS means that ordinary people from getting closer. However, by the traditional concepts, most people still think AIDS is far away from their own." Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Department of the Ministry of Women's Interests provide long-Shaniyama Wood said.
In the hearts of many people, AIDS is still a topic of great cover up.
December 1 each year the World AIDS Day, AIDS prevention and departments should focus on publicity. However, Urumqi Municipal League last year, volunteer associations in Urumqi, the release of publicity materials and condoms, AIDS information services activities, the "away from me," "I do not want this", "This have anything to do with me" so the feedback results are worrying. The survey, eight members of the public Jutan AIDS, that AIDS is far away from their own.
Spit Kelvin Jiang said that AIDS is a public health problem in itself, but in our social and cultural context, AIDS is equivalent to moral decay, promiscuity and other moral issues. Also, because HIV can not cure, infection with HIV seems to equate with death, most people will have extreme fear. The fear of death and moral double stack with everyone about the discoloration.
"China's HIV Discrimination Survey" showed that two-thirds of respondents said their family members had their infection status discrimination. In respondents with children, 9.1% of respondents saying their children (not necessarily HIV) infection because their parents forced to leave school. Female stigma and discrimination suffered by more common than men.
"Relative to men, harassment of women in the face of AIDS, the performance even more vulnerable." Shaniyama Wood mentioned that the research found that many HIV-mothers as poorly educated, self-protection is weak, the AIDS Little is known about prevention and treatment, most of them passively infected with HIV, for fear of discrimination and the hiding of the disease, as direct victims.
Summer show and are accepted by the ancient spread of HIV PMTCT beneficiaries, they are also free anti-viral treatment, regular visits to the Urumqi City CDC getting medicine, the re-examination.
Ancient by receiving free anti-HIV medication, have repeatedly seen a young girl engaged in sexual services. Gu Yi said: "girl afraid of the people around them that often travel hundreds of kilometers from the county to get the medicine in Urumqi, in their place of work, no one knew she was HIV patients."
Ancient according to persuade her, "Do not harm others, and in this circle, to find a boyfriend, a good life."
Girl said, "We are social discrimination, I want revenge."
Kelvin Jiang spit in the research, found that in China, due to social discrimination, fear of death and desperation, and many other social factors, patients know they are infected with HIV, through blood and sexual transmission of HIV high risk of high risk behavior, and in some countries, the public know they are AIDS patients in high risk behavior after the rate can be controlled in 68%.
"Currently, state departments attach great importance to significant spending on AIDS prevention, counseling, psychological intervention, etc., by county, city set up a special point of needle exchange, AIDS, PMTCT drug treatment, etc., greatly reduced the AIDS the virus through drug use or risk of mother to child transmission. However, the current spread of HIV through sexual intercourse has become a great damage to the social problems can not be ignored. "spit Kelvin Jiang said.
"At present, the public face of the propaganda is still not enough, many government departments not affected by the traditional thinking in public information campaigns, the more the public is not clear, the more the fear of AIDS will increase, thus creating a vicious cycle." Spit Seoul Wen Jiang said that the whole society which is a topic of common concern, in particular, need to begin to reflect on the effectiveness of AIDS prevention and advocacy.
"Fear comes from ignorance, fear, exacerbated by ignorance." Spit Kelvin Jiang said.
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