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走近"特殊圈子":同性恋者能不能献血?
新华网（2009-08-27 11:04） 来源：新华网广西频道
记者 程群 周丹丹·
新华网甘肃频道消息 ２００１年卫生部施行的《献血者健康检查要求》中明确规定同性恋者和多个性伴侣者为不能献血的对象。一些人就此提出质疑，并认为这是社会对同性恋者的歧视。
近日，著名性学专家李银河在其博客上也提及此问题，她认为拒绝同性恋献血是恶劣的歧视行为。一时之间，这个饱受争议的问题再次被置于公众视野，卫生部门拒绝同性恋者献血究竟有何依据？同性恋者献血究竟有何隐患？同性恋者献血被拒，到底是社会的歧视还是忽视？
“我的血是拿去救人的，我对自己的血有信心”
吴文今年大学刚毕业，在读大学期间他已经累计献血６００毫升，他一直把义务献血这个行为当做是一种对社会的回报，对他人的一种帮助。直到近日，在和朋友的聊天过程中，他才知道自己原来属于不能献血的人群，因为他是一名同性恋者。
“在之前献血填健康情况征询表时，我根本都不会细看，因为心想我年纪轻轻，绝不会有表上列有的那些疾病。”吴文说，“汶川地震发生后，我还和同学一起去血站献了２００毫升的血，心里只想着尽力去帮助那些受伤的灾民。”
吴文觉得，之所以规定不让同性恋者献血，主要是大家对同性恋者的不理解。“社会上有些人习惯性的把同性恋和艾滋病画等号，认为只要是同性恋就是艾滋病患者。但是事实绝非如此，其实我们这个圈子很多人还是洁身自爱的，大家对我们这个圈子存在误解。”
吴文是在大二的时候认识他“男朋友”的，在近３年的时间里，他觉得他们的生活和其他小情侣没有什么区别，虽然不时会遭受路人鄙夷的眼光，但是他仍觉得自己生活得很幸福。不过他也觉得社会给他们的压力太大了，最主要是别人的歧视，有时一个眼神都会让他们觉得抬不起头，到现在为止他还不敢告诉家人他是个同性恋者。
“我的血是拿去救人的，我对自己的血有信心。”吴文告诉记者，不能因为性取向的不同而忽视同性恋者的爱心，在保证血液安全、干净的前提下，同性恋者同样有献血的权利，规定上的条款对同性恋者是一种明显的歧视。他说自己以后可能再也不会去献血了，因为他觉得自己的爱心受到了一种侮辱。
“现实的困境是医学上目前无法百分之百筛查到艾滋病毒”
广西南宁中心血站党支部书记钟春平告诉记者，之所以会在献血规定中将同性恋者归入不能献血的行列，主要是同性恋者感染艾滋病的几率比一般的群体都要高，做这样规定是为了能在源头上控制好血液的安全。
“虽然说艾滋病不是同性恋者的特属，但是因为同性恋者特别是男同性恋者采取畸形的性行为，造成这个群体艾滋病的患病率要大大高于普通异性恋者。”钟春平说，“我并不认为这个规定是对同性恋者的歧视，规定只是希望作为同性恋者自身，从尊重社会和尊重他人生命的角度出发，做一个负责任的社会公民。”
钟春平向记者介绍，血液从献血者到受血者之间要经过３个主要的环节。一个是在血液采集点，工作人员会对血液进行初步筛选，对献血者健康状况确认后进行采血工作；另一个是在血站，一般血液采集回来之后，都会统一运回血站保管，在血站这一个环节专门设有检验科，对血液中是否含有肝炎、梅毒、艾滋等传染性病毒进行检测，一旦发现血液不干净将立即做抛弃处理；最后是在医院，医院从血站拿到血液后，对病人的具体情况进行分析，对病人自身对血液的匹配程度、健康状况进行检查，最后由医院的临床输血委员会决定是否需要给病人输血。
“虽然大家在每个环节上都严格遵守规定，但是因为血液是一种特殊的药品，有着自身的特性，目前现实的困境是医学上无法百分之百筛查到血液里的艾滋病毒。”钟春平说，这涉及到医学上的一个重要概念——“窗口期”，病毒是抗原，进入体内以后，会产生相应的抗体，产生抗体是有一定的周期，在产生抗体以前这一段时间我们叫病毒窗口期，对于艾滋病毒而言，窗口期大约是２０多天。这也就是说，如果一个人不小心刚染上艾滋病，就来血站献血，血液里的艾滋病毒因为还是处于窗口期，所以是无法被检测出来的。
“从科学的角度来说，红细胞的正常储备期是３０天，采集来的血液我们一般保存期在３５天之内，如果遇到用血紧张的情况，可能１个星期之内我们就会将血液送到医院。”钟春平说，如果这时候血液中的病毒正巧处于窗口期的话，那受血者就处在一个危险的边缘。
钟春平介绍说，目前无论是哪个国家，检测手段的缺陷在短期内都无法弥补，正因为这种缺陷所以才要求在血液源头上把好安全关，对于艾滋病的高危人群肯定是不能接受其血液的。
献血者健康检查标准有待完善
“很少有同性恋者在献血时，会主动承认自己的性倾向。”广西中医学院药学院副院长易蔚说，因为同性恋在中国还是一个比较敏感的话题，很多人对这个群体并不理解，有时会缺少起码的尊重，所以中国的同性恋者很少会主动公开自己的性取向，更别说是在献血的时候。
钟春平告诉记者，现在献血前需要填写一张《暂时健康情况征询表》，表上对暂时不适宜献血和不能献血的情况都有提示，献血者需要在征询表上做出健康状况的承诺。“对于一些隐蔽性的疾病，我们是比较被动的，因为通过检查手段检测不出来，这只能靠献血者本人主动承认。一旦他本人进行隐瞒，我们也没有办法。”钟春平说。
２００１年施行的《献血者健康检查要求》中规定，有下列情况之一者不能献血：易感染人免疫缺陷病毒的高危人群，如吸毒史者、同性恋者、多个性伴侣者。而在２００６年施行的《艾滋病防治条例》第６３条指出：有易感染艾滋病病毒危险行为的人群，是指有卖淫、嫖娼、多性伴、男性同性性行为、注射吸毒等危险行为的人群。
“我们不应该将‘同性恋者’等同于‘艾滋病患者’，同性恋指的只是一种性取向，艾滋病患者只是其中很小的一部分。而且女性同性恋感染艾滋病病毒的可能比普通人群还低，‘同性恋者’一词指代并不准确。”易蔚说，如果能将《献血者健康检查要求》和《艾滋病防治条例》进行融通，将“同性恋者”一词换成“男性同性性行为人群”可能会更为恰当。
钟春平针对目前这种情况指出，异体输血即便采用再严格的筛选检查也不能完全避免某些不安全的因素，所以可以倡导公众接受自体输血。他认为，自体输血不传播疾病，也不会发生因抗体引起的免疫反应，同时又可解决稀有血源缺乏的困难。“自体输血也有一定局限性，比如有些人已经不能骨髓造血，就肯定不能进行自体输血，而且自体输血费用较高，很多人可能在经济上负担不起。”
编辑：卫韦华Approaching "special circle": homosexuals can not donate blood?
Xinhua (2009-08-27 11:04) Source: Xinhua Guangxi Channels
Chow Tan Tan Cheng's group
Gansu, Xinhua news channel in 2001 the Ministry of Health implemented the "donor health check request" in the gay clearly defined and multiple sexual partners who can not donate blood for the object. Some people question this, and that this is a social discrimination against homosexuals.
Recently, the famous sexologist Li Yinhe on his blog also mentioned this issue, she argues that the refusal gay blood donation is a bad act of discrimination. All of a sudden, this highly controversial issue has once again been placed in public view, public health departments refuse to donate blood homosexuals what basis? What hidden homosexuals donating blood? Gay blood donation rejected in the end is a social discrimination or neglect?
"My blood is Naqu save, and I have confidence in their own blood"
Wu recently graduated from university this year, in the university, during which he has accumulated 600 milliliters blood, he has been the obligation to donate blood this behavior as a form of social return, as a help to others. Until recently, chat with friends in the process, he only knew the original part of the crowd can not donate blood because he is a homosexual.
"In the health consultation prior to donating blood to fill the table, I would not even look closely, because I thought I was a young woman there will never be above the table, some of those diseases." Wu said, "Wenchuan after the earthquake, I also go with Blood and students presented a 200 ml of blood, thinking about those who try to help the injured victims. "
Wu feels that the reason that prevents homosexuals donating blood, prominent among which was lack of understanding towards homosexuals. "Some people in society customary to equate homosexuality and AIDS, that is as long as homosexual AIDS patients. But the fact not the case, in fact, we have a lot of people still tried to stay out of this circle, and everyone in our circle of misunderstanding. "
Wu is a sophomore when the awareness of his "boyfriend", and in the past three years, he feel that their lives and other small couples is no different, although from time to time subject to contempt of the passers-by look, but he still felt their own lives a happy life. But he also felt the pressure of the community to give them too much, mainly because the discrimination of others, and sometimes one eye will make them feel suppressed, up to now, he dare not tell his family he was gay.
"My blood is Naqu save, and I have confidence in their own blood." Wu told reporters that the differences in sexual orientation can not ignore the homosexual love in ensuring blood safety, clean under the premise that homosexuals also have the right to donate blood, provided the terms of the homosexuals is a clear discrimination. He said he might never go after the blood, because he felt that her love had been an insult.
"The reality of the dilemma is not currently 100 percent of medical screening to the HIV virus"
Party branch secretary of the blood transfusion center in Nanning, Guangxi Zhong-ping told reporters that the reason why the provisions in the blood can not donate blood will be included in the ranks of homosexuals, primarily gay AIDS groups likely to be higher than the average, to make such provisions are In order to be able to control the well at the source of blood safety.
"Although AIDS is not a special case of homosexuals, but because homosexuals, especially male homosexuals abnormal sexual behavior, resulting in the prevalence of AIDS in this group should be much higher than the average heterosexual." Zhong-Ping said, "I do not think that such a rule is discriminatory against homosexuals, provides just wanted to homosexuals themselves, from the respect for the life of the community and respect for others point of view, be a responsible community citizens. "
Zhong-ping to the reporters, blood from a donor to a donee has to go through between the three major steps. One is in the blood collection point, the staff will conduct initial screening of blood for blood donors after blood sampling to confirm the health status of work; the other is in the Blood Bank, the general blood collection return, will be shipped back to a unified Blood custody, in the Blood This is a special link with test subjects, whether the blood contains hepatitis, syphilis, HIV and other infectious viruses were detected if it is found not clean the blood would immediately do away processing; and finally in the hospital, the hospital to get blood from a blood transfusion after the of the patient's specific situation analysis, to match the patient's own blood, health status checks, the last by the Hospital Blood Transfusion Committee to decide whether the clinical need for transfusion to patients.
"Although everyone in every aspect, both strict compliance with rules, but because blood is a special kind of medicine, has its own characteristics, current realities of the plight of the medical screening of the blood can not be 100 percent for HIV." Zhong Ping said , which involves an important concept in medicine - "window period" virus antigen into the body after it will produce antibodies to produce antibodies is a certain cycle, produce antibodies prior to this period of time we call the virus window period, for HIV, the window period is about 20 days. In other words, if a person is newly infected with HIV are not careful, they come to Blood donation, blood of HIV because it is still in the window period, so it can not be detected out.
"From a scientific point of view, the normal red blood cell reserve period is 30 days, the blood collection to the general retention period of 35 days, if you encounter blood tense situation, it may, within 1 week we will be blood sent to the hospital. "Zhong-ping said that if the virus in the blood at this time happened in the window period, then in a blood recipients on the edge of danger.
Zhong-ping said at present whether any country, defect detection methods can not be redeemed in the short term, precisely because of such defects therefore, it calls in the blood source a good job of the security pass, high-risk groups for AIDS is certainly not acceptable blood The.
Donor health screening criteria need to be improved
"There are few homosexuals in blood donation, we will take the initiative to acknowledge their sexual orientation." Guangxi College of Medicine Associate Dean Yi Wei said that because homosexuality in China is still a sensitive topic, many people do not understand this group sometimes the lack of a minimum of respect, China has rarely take the initiative to make public his gay sexual orientation, let alone at the time of donation.
Zhong-ping told reporters that before the blood donation is now required to complete a "temporary health conditions consult the table", the table is not yet appropriate to the situation in blood donation and blood donation does not have prompted donors need to consult the table to make the health promises. "For a number of hidden disorders, we are more passive, because it can not be detected by examining the means, which volunteered the information that I can only rely on blood donors. If carried out to conceal himself, we do not do." Zhong-ping.
2001 implementation of the "donor health check request" provided that one of the following conditions should not donate blood: Yi human immunodeficiency virus infection in high-risk populations, such as a history of drug addicts, homosexuals, multiple sexual partners are. Implemented in 2006, "AIDS Prevention Act," Article 63 states: there are susceptible to infection with HIV risk behaviors of people, refers to prostitution, prostitution, multiple sexual partners, male homosexual sex and injecting drug use and other risk behaviors of people .
"We should not be 'gay' is equivalent to 'AIDS', homosexuality refers to just a sexual orientation, AIDS, only a very small part of it. And that women, homosexuals infected with HIV may be lower than the general population, ' homosexuals' term to refer to is not accurate. "Yi Wei said that if the can," donor health check request "and" AIDS Prevention Act, "for gathering, the" gay "is replaced by" men who have sex with group "may be more appropriate.
Zhong-ping for the current situation that even if the use of allogeneic blood transfusion and then strict screening tests can not be completely avoided in some unsafe factors, so it can promote public acceptance of autologous blood transfusion. In his view, autologous blood transfusion is not transmitted diseases, but also does not occur due to antibodies induced immune response, while solving the difficulties of the lack of rare blood. "Autologous blood transfusion has some limitations, for example, some people have not bone marrow, you certainly can not autologous blood transfusion, and the higher cost of autologous blood transfusion, many people may be financially able to afford."
Editor: Wei-Hua Wei
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