第十章：language acquisition
疑难单词：
merit pertain language exposure spontaneous established train pridictable idiosyncratic
language acquisition analogous nativist neural prerequisite implication language faculty
on balance by the same token Universal Grammar discrete potentially infinite novel
grammaticality defy nonrandom predisposition analogy fertilized prerequisite hatched
stunt caretaker speech assess contour explicitly babler peer reinforcement snippet
behaviorist learning theory subtle overt identifiable schedule onset cooing refinement
whimper involuntary cuddle velar disability acoustic auditory vocalization predication
perspective juxtaposition dawning inflectional affix subject-locative feedback salient
minor lexical category substantive telegraphical speech hierarchical inversion texture
prelude Contrastive Analysis in action legitimate irrespective longitudinal interlanguage
fossilization interim representation interlocking in-between in its own ringt optimum
qualitative proficiency pertain to adolescent integrate instrumental motivation
integrative motivation acculturation aspire appealing extroverted indentify...with
题型
1、Define or explain the following terms
1) language acquisition: a general term used to refer to the development of a person's first,
second ,or foreign language.
2) input : the language which a earner hears or receives and from which he or she can learn.
3) caretaker speech : simple ,modified speech by parents ,baby-sisters,ect,when they talk to
young children who are acquiring their language.
4) behaviorist learning theory ：a theory of psychology which,when applied to first language
acquisition,suggests that the learner's verbal behavior is conditioned or reinforced through
association between stimulus and response.
5) holophrase: a single word that appears in children's early speech and functions as
complex idea or sentence.
6) telegraphic speech: the early speech of children,so called because it lacks the same sorts
of words which adults typically leave out of telegrams.
7) language transfer: the effect of one's first language knowledge on the learning of a
second language.
8) interference: the use of one's first language rule which leads to an error or inappropriate
form in the target language.
9) contrastive analysis: a comparative procedure used to establish linguistic differences between two language so as to predict learning difficuties caused by interference from
the learner's first language and prepre the type of teaching materials that will reduce
the effects of interference.
10) error analysis : an approach to the study and analysis of the error made by second
language learners which suggests that many learner errors ore not due to the learner's
mother tongue interference but reflect universal learning strategies such ad
over generalization and simplification of rules.
11)interlanguage :the approximate language system that a second language learner constructs
which represents his or her transitional competence in the target language.
12) fossilization: a process that sometimes occurs in second language learning in which
incorrect linguistic features because a permanent part of the way a person speaks or
writes in the target language.
13) instrumental motivition:the learner's desire to learn a second language because it is useful
for some functional,"instrumental"goala,such as getting a job,passing an examnation,
or reading for information.
14) integrative motivition : the learner's desire to learn a second language in order to
communication with native speakers of the target language.
15) acculturation: a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language
community.
论述：
1\ Discuss the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition.
Although formal instruction generally focuses on the explicit teaching of linguistic forms,it aids
adult L2 learners,particulary adult beginners,by providing opportunities for learners to receive
modified comprehensible input that are specially suited to their current stage of L2 development
. Moreover ,in the "intake-type' of classroom environment,teaching materials and methods are all
finely tuned in orde to meet the needs of the learner and provide them with ample opportunities
to interact with the input.
第九章 心理语言学
疑难单词
psycholinguistics intersection draw upon acquire produce comprehend cognitive faculty
localize interact endowment hemispheric organization hemispheric dominance for language
linguistic lateralization language centers perception comprehension production dene
organism biological basis vocal cords mammal dynamics neurologically foreman
the case of Phineas Gage objective world tamping rod stull nerve cells neuron microcircuit
cerebral cortex sensory organs reside nerve biber coordinate index finger blood-clotting
paralysis spatial prevail stimuli maturational precondition specialization handiness
nonsensical Broca's area Werniche's area the angular gyrus anatomist autopsy lobe
cerebral substantiate telegraphic substantive output inconsistent misarticulated aphisiac
lesion predictably circumlocution retrieval deficit tract cortex proponent puberty womb
articulate flexibility cerebral plasticity preadolescent disruption essential progressively
deprivation empirically exposure unethical degeneration insight intolerant malnutrition
embark on furthermore refute overextension underextension overextend conform
dichotic listening test to date device degenerate demonstrably condition congnition
discourse contrasting mentalist empiricist echo moter covertly provocative date sweeping
pronged ascrible codify bluntly linguistic determism linguistic relativism expound
Hopy language slushy snow Aztek language markedly spectrum duration velocity dimension
physicist target language plausible adherent radically domain empirical manipulate
elicit impart deficent chronological Navaho commensurable vein proficient specific premise
interpersonal communication intrapersonal communication evoke blending visual auditory
tactile coordination overlapping parallel subvocal speech overt thought grimace posture
proximate musical notes step choreographer conventional genetic coherent transition
translatability elaboration ease predispose availability