北京科技报：警惕数种艾滋病症状
http://www.sina.com.cn 2009年01月19日 12:37 北京科技报
□文/吴昊 黄晓婕
艾滋病(AIDS)是一种由艾滋病病毒即人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)侵入人体后破坏人体免疫功能，使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤，最终导致死亡的一种严重的慢性进行性传染病。
HIV主要存在于HIV感染者或艾滋病患者的体液中，包括血液、精液、阴道分泌液、乳汁、伤口渗出液等。任何能够引起体液交换的行为，都有传播HIV的可能。HIV有三种传播途径：性接触传播、血液传播及母婴传播。全世界约有3/4的HIV感染是通过性途径传播的。艾滋病病毒在人体外的生命力很脆弱，在体外常温下只能存活数小时至数天，可用肥皂、热水清洗，也可用漂白粉将其杀死；空气和水、咳嗽喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬、共用厕所、共用电话、共用餐具、礼节吻、游泳、拥抱不会传播。
如果你最近有过危险性活动和以下症状中的其中几个，请一定找医生：持续低热、疲乏、原因不明的喉炎、体重突然下降10%以上、头痛、恶心、肌肉和关节痛、夜间盗汗、持续腹泻、皮疹。这些症状通常在HIV感染后2周左右出现。
艾滋病会经历急性HIV感染、无症状HIV感染、艾滋病前期及艾滋病期。
一部分急性感染者在感染HIV后6天至6周内出现类似感冒的症状，如发热、淋巴结肿大、咽炎、皮疹、肌痛或关节痛、腹泻、头痛、体重下降等，平均持续两周，不经特殊治疗，一般可自行消退。当然，这些情况的出现并不代表一定感染了艾滋病病毒，因为别的疾病也可出现类似情况。
急性期过后，感染者转入无症状感染期。除了少数感染者可查到“持续性全身性淋巴腺病”(PGL)外，没有其他任何临床症状或体征。PGL是指在腹股沟淋巴结外，至少有两处不相邻部位的淋巴结发生肿大，直径在1厘米以上。以颈部和腋下淋巴结肿大多见。成年人无症状感染期的时间一般为8～10年。
到艾滋病前期，感染者会出现持续或间歇性的全身症状和“轻微”的机会性感染。全身症状包括持续性全身淋巴结肿大、乏力、厌食、发热、体重减轻、夜间盗汗、血小板减少等。轻微感染多表现于口腔、皮肤粘膜的感染，包括口腔念珠菌病、牙龈炎、皮肤真菌感染、带状疱疹、毛囊炎、瘙痒性皮炎等。
随着时间的推移，艾滋病病毒对人体免疫系统的破坏越来越厉害，它主要破坏一种叫做CD4淋巴细胞的免疫细胞，当免疫系统被破坏到一定程度时，感染者就会发病，出现一种或多种艾滋病指征性疾病，如肺炎、食道炎、淋巴瘤、肺部或肺外结核病及HIV相关性消瘦综合征等。
艾滋病传播快，目前不能治愈，抗病毒治疗是关键所在。1996年，温哥华第10届国际艾滋病大会上美籍华裔科学家何大一发表了采用所谓“鸡尾酒”式的混合药物治疗方法。经有效抗病毒治疗后，艾滋病患者生活质量明显提高，住院率显著降低，大多数感染者可以重新回到工作岗位。
艾滋病是完全可以预防的，预防和控制经性传播HIV或AIDS感染是控制艾滋病流行的关键。预防艾滋病要遵循A、B、C原则， 所谓A、B、C是代表了英文的三个缩写字母。 即Abstinence禁欲、Be faithful 忠实、Condom避孕套。
专家简介
吴昊，首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院感染科主任，教授，博士生导师。卫生部艾滋病专家咨询委员会专家，卫生部传染病标准委员会委员，北京市艾滋病免费抗病毒治疗专家组专家
01 years http://www.sina.com.cn 2009 on 19 day 12:37 Beijing Science and Technology News
□ text / Wu Hao黄晓婕
AIDS (AIDS) is a kind of HIV that is, by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into the human body after the destruction of the body's immune function, so that occurred in a variety of human incurable infection and tumors, which eventually led to the death of a serious chronic progressive infectious diseases.
HIV mainly in HIV-infected persons or AIDS patients with body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluid, milk, such as wound exudate. Any exchange of body fluids can cause behavior, both the possibility of the spread of HIV. There are three routes of transmission of HIV: sexual contact, blood transmission and mother to child transmission. Worldwide there are about 3 / 4 of HIV infection is spread through sexual way. AIDS virus in the body outside the vitality of a very fragile, and in vitro under normal temperature and can only survive a few hours to several days, can be used soap, hot water washing, bleaching powder can also be used to kill; air and water, coughing and sneezing, mosquito bites, shared toilets , shared telephone, shared utensils, courtesy kissed, swimming, hugging spread.
If you have the danger of the recent activities and the following symptoms in several of them, be sure to find a doctor: the continuing low-grade fever, fatigue, unexplained laryngitis, weight sudden drop in more than 10%, headache, nausea, muscle and joint pain, night sweats, persistent diarrhea, skin rash. These symptoms usually two weeks after HIV infection occurs around.
AIDS will be experiencing acute HIV infection, asymptomatic HIV infection, AIDS and pre-AIDS period.
Part of acute infection in HIV infection after 6-6 days appear flu-like symptoms like fever, swollen lymph nodes, pharyngitis, skin rashes, muscle or joint pain, diarrhea, headaches, weight loss and so on, average duration of two weeks , not special treatment, generally subside on their own. Of course, the emergence of these situations do not necessarily infected with the AIDS virus, because other diseases can also be a similar situation.
Acute period, infected persons into asymptomatic infection period. In addition to a small number of infected persons can be found in "persistent systemic lymphadenopathy" (PGL), there is no any other clinical symptoms or signs. PGL is the inguinal lymph nodes, at least two non-adjacent parts of the lymph nodes occurred, more than 1 cm in diameter. To the neck and the armpit lymph nodes found. Asymptomatic infected adults normally, the time period of 8 to 10 years.
Pre-AIDS, infected persons will be continuous or intermittent symptoms and "slight" opportunistic infections. Systemic symptoms include persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, fatigue, anorexia, fever, weight loss, night sweats, such as thrombocytopenia. Slightly more than the performance of infection in the mouth, skin and mucous membrane infections, including oral candidiasis, gingivitis, skin fungal infections, herpes zoster, folliculitis, dermatitis, such as itching.
Over time, the AIDS virus on the human body's immune system more and more serious damage, mainly destruction of lymphocytes called CD4 immune cells, when the immune system is damaged to a certain degree, the infection will be disease, the emergence of a species or a variety of AIDS disease indications, such as pneumonia, esophagitis, lymphoma, pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis and HIV-related wasting syndrome, such as sexual.
Fast spread of AIDS, at present can not be cured, anti-virus treatment is a key issue. In 1996, in Vancouver, the 10th International AIDS Conference on Chinese-American scientist David Ho, issued a so-called "cocktail" style of mixed drug treatment. After an effective anti-viral treatment, AIDS patients improved quality of life, a significant reduction in hospitalization rates, the majority of infected persons can return to work.
AIDS is completely preventable, prevention and control of sexually transmitted HIV or AIDS infection is the key to controlling the AIDS pandemic. AIDS prevention to follow the A, B, C principles, the so-called A, B, C represent the three initials in English letters. Abstinence or abstinence, Be faithful faithful, Condom condom.
Experts Profile
Wu Hao, Beijing Capital University of Medical Sciences, director of hospital infection佑安, professors and doctoral tutor. The Ministry of Health AIDS Expert Advisory Committee of Experts, the Ministry of Health standards for the members of the Committee of infectious diseases, AIDS, Beijing, free anti-retroviral treatment of the expert group of experts