宋圭武观点175：发展中国家改革和发展的最优路径：基于黄金分割法则的思考

第一，对于发展中国家而言，从长远看，要提升竞争力，文化建设是深层基础战略工程。而好的文化，必须要富含敬畏意识、理性意识、诚信意识，这是好文化的三大支柱，且三者互相嵌套，互为支撑，有机一体，缺一不可。其中敬畏意识，有三个主要方面，一是敬畏自然，二是敬畏生命，三是敬畏良心，这三个方面的敬畏，是敬畏意识的三大支点。其中理性意识，灵魂是科学精神，科学精神主要包括包容精神、创新精神、求实精神三个方面。包容精神是科学精神的前提，创新精神是科学精神的灵魂，求实精神是科学精神的落脚点。其中诚信意识，也主要包括三个方面，一是在社会层面，要讲公德；二是在亲情朋友层面，要讲私德；三是在职业层面，要讲职业道德。

第二，对于发展中国家而言，从短期看，要提升竞争力，强力抓好科技教育是关键。国家发展一定要重点投资科技教育领域。尤其越是落后国家，科技教育投资越要加大。靠基建投资，尤其靠房地产投资得到的经济增长率，只是一种外表性的虚假增长，不是实质的增长。另外，靠基建投资得到的经济增长率，对保护环境也是一种威胁，同时，还可能诱致许多腐败，比如吃回扣等。投资若按软硬领域划分，软领域，主要包括科技、文化、教育、制度建设等方面；硬领域主要包括基建等领域。在软硬领域如何进行投资分割，依据黄金分割比例，发展中国家应把62%左右的资金投入到软领域建设；38%的资金投入到硬领域建设。其中在软领域内的投资，62%应主要投资于科技和教育。

第三，制度建设是确保实现发展最优的配套保障工程，一定要高度重视，不能有任何忽视。制度建设，主要责任人是政府。为此，在精力分配上，依据黄金分割法则，政府要把主要精力放在制度建设上，应至少把62%的精力用在制度建设上。要在充分征求意见的基础上，不断完善各方面的制度。制度建设的最关键，主要包括两个方面。一个是反腐败制度的建设；一个是提升资源（包括人力、资金、土地等资源）投入效率的制度建设。

第四，发展中国家改革和发展面临的最大拦路虎，是利益集团的阻碍，尤其是已经形成的具有垄断优势地位的利益集团的阻碍。能否破解利益集团的阻碍，是发展中国家能否进入发展快车道的关键。如何破解强大利益集团的阻碍，需要强势和杰出的国家领导人和有良知的知识分子以及高素质的社会大众，三者形成有机合力。另外，面对拦路虎，也可以实行绕开走对策。比如，在制度设计上，可考虑实行双轨制。比如，在有关人员待遇制度上，可以实行老人老办法，新人新办法，或存量部分保留原有利益格局，但增量部分执行新政策，最终，随时间不断推移，增量部分不断增大，存量部分不断变小，利益阻碍越来越小，最终发展列车驶到最优路径上。在拦路虎过于强大时，实行绕开走对策，也是一种优化选择。因为面对强大的拦路虎，若没有足够实力，硬碰硬，可能会导致极大改革成本，甚至还极有可能导致改革失败，让国家发展落入长期陷阱，不能自拔。好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 175: The Optimal Path of Reform and Development for Developing Countries: Reflections Based on the Golden Section Law

First, for developing countries, in the long run, to enhance competitiveness, cultural construction is a deep foundation strategic project.And good culture must be rich in awe consciousness, rational consciousness and honesty consciousness, which are the three pillars of good culture. The three are nested, support each other, and are an organic whole, indispensable.Among them, the consciousness of awe has three main aspects: one is the awe of nature, two is the awe of life, and three is the awe of conscience. The three aspects of awe are the three fulcrums of the consciousness of awe.Among them, the soul of rational consciousness is scientific spirit, which mainly includes the spirit of tolerance, innovation and realism.The spirit of tolerance is the premise of scientific spirit, the spirit of innovation is the soul of scientific spirit, and the spirit of realism is the foothold of scientific spirit.Among them, the consciousness of honesty also mainly includes three aspects: one is the social level, to speak public ethics;two is the level of family and friends, to speak private ethics;three is the level of occupation, to speak professional ethics.Second, for developing countries, in the short run, to enhance competitiveness, strong science and technology education is the key.National development must focus on investment in science and technology education. In particular, the more backward countries are, the more investment in science and education they should make.The economic growth rate achieved by infrastructure investment, especially real estate investment, is only a superficial false growth, not a real growth.In addition, the economic growth rate achieved by infrastructure investment is also a threat to environmental protection. At the same time, it may also lead to corruption, such as kickbacks.If investment is divided into soft and hard areas, the soft area mainly includes science and technology, culture, education, institutional building and other aspects;the hard area mainly includes infrastructure and other areas.How to divide investment in the soft and hard areas? According to the golden ratio, developing countries should invest about 62% of their funds in the construction of the soft area;38% of their funds in the construction of the hard area.Among the investment in the soft area, 62% should be mainly invested in science and education.Third, institutional building is the supporting project to ensure the optimal development. It must be highly valued and cannot be ignored.The government is the main responsible person for institutional building.Therefore, in terms of energy allocation, according to the golden ratio, the government should focus mainly on institutional building, and at least 62% of its energy should be spent on institutional building.On the basis of fully soliciting opinions, we should constantly improve the system in all aspects.The key to institutional building mainly includes two aspects. One is the establishment of an anti-corruption system.The other is the establishment of a system to increase the efficiency of resource input (including human, capital and land resources). Fourth, the biggest obstacle to reform and development in developing countries is the blockade of interest groups, especially those with monopoly power.Whether developing countries can overcome the blockade of interest groups is crucial to their entering the fast lane of development.To overcome the blockade of powerful interest groups, we need strong and outstanding national leaders, intellectuals with a conscience and high-quality society, which should form an organic synergy.In addition, in the face of obstacles, we can also adopt strategies to bypass them.For example, in the design of the system, we may consider a dual-track system.For example, in the treatment system of relevant personnel, we may adopt the old approach for the old and the new approach for the new, or we may retain the original interest pattern for the stock part, but implement the new policy for the incremental part. Eventually, with the passage of time, the incremental part will increase, the stock part will decrease, the interest obstacles will become smaller and smaller, and the train of development will finally travel on the optimal path.When the obstacles are too strong, adopting strategies to bypass them is also an optimal choice. Because if you don't have enough strength to tackle the powerful obstacles, you may incur a huge cost in reform, or even fail to reform, which will make your country fall into a long-term trap. Thank you. Thank you.