宋圭武观点104：知识分子的三种问题及其克服

怎样才算知识分子？不同学者有不同的观点。刘易斯·科塞声称，知识分子“为思想而活，而不是靠思想生活”。在我国古代，知识分子应属于君子的范畴。什么是君子，君子谋道不谋食，君子忧道不忧贫。知识分子不仅要妙手著文章，更要铁肩担道义，知识分子应是知识和道德的有机统一体。

知识分子队伍存在三种普遍问题。一种是知识分工所引发的问题，尤其是社会科学与自然科学知识分工所引发的问题。这类问题具体表现为，搞自然科学的学者，总是在自然科学的视野里看问题，搞社会科学的学者，总是在社会科学的视野里看问题，这导致了诸多认识上的片面性和狭隘性。一种是职业分工所引发的问题，尤其是学术与政治职业分工不同所引发的问题。这类问题具体表现在两个方面，一个方面，是一些知识分子从学术职业的角度看政治职业，导致对政治理解的片面化和狭隘化，缺乏大视野的政治观；另一个方面，是一些知识分子把学术本身功利化和工具化，学术成了通往政治的阶梯。这种情况既导致了学术的异化，也导致了政治的异化。一种是在人格层面存在的知与行不协调的问题，尤其是知行相悖的问题。知与行的相悖，就是知是知，行是行，各行其是，各走各的道。知与行相悖的结果，导致知非良知，行非良行，知与行都成为了社会破坏的力量，而不是社会建设的力量。而且严重的是，由于教育所具有的传递性特点，这种知行相悖的情况，不仅影响了当代人，而且影响了后代人，具有了积累效应。

如何克服三种问题，知识分子应努力实现三方面的自觉。第一，要努力实现知识自觉。要努力克服知识分工所带来的局限性。这里不管是研究自然科学的，还是研究社会科学的，都应当既要重视社会科学知识的学习和研究，也要重视自然科学知识的学习和研究。认识和研究人和社会问题，要把自然属性和社会属性有机结合起来。第二，要努力实现职业自觉。在职业取向上，不一定非要学而优则仕，或博士非要博仕。学术和政治，只是社会职业分工不同而已，二者都是通往社会正义的路径。问题关键在于正义，而不在于选什么路径。条条大路通罗马，每个人应根据自身的实际特长和社会的客观需要，选择最优的实现社会正义的职业路径。第三，要努力实现人格自觉。要把知与行有机统一起来。如何实现知行合一，关键是心中要有敬畏意识，良心世界要充裕。一是要在研究和学习过程中不断加强反思，要做有反思的人生。二是要积极投身社会实践，深入生产生活第一线，亲身感受民间冷暖和大众疾苦。好，谢谢，谢谢。

Song Guiwu's Viewpoint 104: Three Problems of Intellectuals and Their Overcoming

What is an intellectual?Different scholars have different views.Lewis Cosset claimed that intellectuals "live for ideas, not by ideas".In ancient China, intellectuals should belong to the category of gentleman.What is a gentleman? A gentleman seeks the truth, not food, and worries about the truth, not poverty.Intellectuals should not only write articles, but also shoulder the responsibility of morality. Intellectuals should be an organic unity of knowledge and morality.There are three common problems in the ranks of intellectuals.One is the problem caused by the division of knowledge, especially the division of social science and natural science knowledge.The specific performance of this kind of problem is that scholars engaged in natural science always see problems from the perspective of natural science, and scholars engaged in social science always see problems from the perspective of social science, which leads to one-sidedness and narrowness in many understandings.One is the problem caused by the division of occupation, especially the difference between academic and political occupation.The specific performance of this kind of problem is in two aspects. On the one hand, some intellectuals see political occupation from the perspective of academic occupation, which leads to one-sidedness and narrowness in understanding politics, and lack of political view of broad vision. On the other hand, some intellectuals have utilitarianized and instrumentalized academics, making academics a ladder to politics.This situation has led to both academic and political alienation.One is the problem of incongruity between knowledge and practice at the level of personality, especially the problem of knowledge and practice.The contradictions between knowledge and practice are that knowledge is knowledge, practice is practice, and everyone goes his own way.The result of the contradictions between knowledge and practice is that knowledge is not conscience, practice is not good behavior, and knowledge and practice have become the forces of social destruction rather than social construction.More seriously, due to the transitivity of education, the contradictions between knowledge and practice not only affect the contemporary people, but also affect the future generations, with an accumulative effect.To overcome the three problems, intellectuals should strive to realize three aspects of consciousness.First, strive to realize knowledge consciousness.Strive to overcome the limitations brought about by the division of knowledge.Whether it is the study of natural science or the study of social science, we should attach importance to the study and research of social science knowledge as well as the study and research of natural science knowledge.To understand and study human and social problems, we should organically combine the natural attributes and social attributes.Second, strive to realize professional consciousness. In terms of career orientation, you don't have to be an excellent scholar to be an official, or a doctor to be an official. Academic and political, just different social division of labor, both are paths to social justice. The key is justice, not what path to choose. All roads lead to Rome, everyone should according to their own practical expertise and the objective needs of society, choose the best career path to achieve social justice. Third, we should strive to achieve self-conscious personality. We should organically integrate knowledge and practice. How to achieve the unity of knowledge and practice, the key is to have the sense of awe in the heart, and the conscience of the world to be abundant. First, we should continue to strengthen reflection in the process of study and learning, and do a reflective life. Second, we should actively participate in social practice, go deep into the first line of production and life, and personally feel the changes in the people and the suffering of the masses. OK, thank you, thank you.