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孤儿群体需要普惠式制度救助
21世纪经济报道 祝乃娟 2011-06-03 01:00:34
核心提示：对于孤儿救助以及儿童福利保障来说，钱只是一个必要条件，并非充要条件。
近日，由民政部社会福利和慈善事业促进司、联合国儿童基金会、北师大壹基金公益研究院共同发布的《中国儿童福利政策报告2011》报告建议，政府2011年需要优先从儿童大病、残疾、学前教育三大方面展开制度建设，并测算出600亿元即可启动上述三项儿童福利制度。
2010年通过的《关于加强孤儿保障工作的意见》决定，2010年度中央财政将安排25亿元专项补助资金救助孤儿，对东、中、西部地区孤儿分别按照月人均180元、270元、360元的标准予以补助。25亿与600亿还有相当一段距离。并且，现实中，这样的补助标准显然不够维持一名儿童的正常生活水平，相当大的一块救助还落在地方政府的肩上。
对于孤儿救助以及儿童福利保障来说，钱只是一个必要条件，并非充要条件。在中国社会，收入差距已经渗入各个领域，并且，贫富差距出现了某些固化的特征，富裕与贫穷的代际遗传特征越来越明显，儿童生长的起点对于其一生的发展显得尤为重要，这也正是大城市的父母千方百计重重落下赌注将子女送往各式教育机构的原因。这份报告同时披露，截至2008年底，中国0-18岁儿童总数是2.78亿人。中国弱势儿童群体数量中，孤儿人数从2005年的57.4万上升至2010年的71.2万，五年间增长约24%。0-17岁的各类残疾儿童共504.3万人，全国农村留守儿童约5800万人。估计2010年底，约有49.6万-89.4万儿童受艾滋病影响。如果这个特殊群体的权利不能得到重视，那么贫穷的代际传承会愈加难以打破，对他们来说，社会流动将是一件奢侈的事情。
在一些发达国家，大选之初候选人都会提出自己在儿童福利这方面的政纲与设想，这已经被作为一个必须项得向选民作出规划。比如，在去年日本民主党与自民党的竞选大战中，教育问题和儿童福利就被作为一项角斗的重要议题，民主党承诺从2010年度开始实施向每个中学以下的儿童每年提供31万2千日元的补助、取消全国公立高中学费、向在私立中学就学的孩子提供补助等。自民党则提出了幼儿园、保育园等幼儿教育的无偿化，在高中和大学创设无须偿还的奖学金等。对此问题的争论和一比高下，竟令那次大选的争论焦点集中到了如何吸引正在育儿的国民方面来。坦率地说，中国目前对孤儿的救助制度主要包括儿童福利机构、城市低保救助、农村五保救助、农村特困户救助等，当然，也并不是所有孤儿都可纳入其中，据统计，约有三成孤儿尚得不到救助。实际上，中国目前在维护和保障儿童福利方面，基本上只能依靠家庭，以家庭为主体，这虽然是因为中国历史文化决定了儿童依然是一种“私产”，长期的制度性、普惠式的救助还有待完善。
艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复
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| 图示∶2011年5月正式出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构事迹 |
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Pratt & Whitney-style system of orphan groups need assistance
21st Century Business Herald Zhunai Juan 2011-06-03 01:00:34
Core Tip: For the protection of orphans and child welfare, money is only a necessary condition, not a necessary and sufficient conditions.
Recently, the Ministry of Civil Affairs of Social Welfare and Charity Promotion Division, UNICEF, the Beijing Normal University Institute of Community One Foundation jointly released the "China Report 2011 Child Welfare Policy," the report recommends that the Government need to give priority in 2011 from a serious illness of children with disabilities , pre-school education system construction of three aspects, and measure out 60 billion yuan to launch the three child welfare system.
2010 through the "work on strengthening the protection of the views of orphans" decision, in 2010 the central government will have 25 billion yuan of subsidies orphans, to the eastern, central and western regions, respectively, according to monthly per capita orphan 180 yuan, 270 yuan, 360 yuan the standard be supplemented. 2.5 billion and 60 billion is still a considerable distance. And, in reality, such subsidies is clearly not enough to maintain a child's normal standard of living, a large piece of local government aid is also fall on the shoulders.
For the protection of orphans and child welfare, money is only a necessary condition, not a necessary and sufficient conditions. In Chinese society, the income gap has infiltrated all areas, and, the wealth gap appeared in some of the curing characteristics, rich and genetic characteristics of intergenerational poverty became increasingly obvious that the starting point for children's growth and development of their lives is very important, This is exactly the big city came to bet the parents do everything possible to send their children to numerous educational institutions all kinds of reasons. The report also disclosed, as at the end of 2008, China's total number of children 0-18 years of age is 278 million people. The number of vulnerable groups of children in China, the number of orphans from 574,000 in 2005 rose to 712,000 in 2010, five years, an increase of approximately 24%. Various types of disabled children aged 0-17 were 504.3 million rural children left behind about 5800 people. The end of 2010 estimated that about 496,000 -89.4 million children affected by AIDS. If this special group rights can not be taken seriously, then the intergenerational transmission of poverty will become more difficult to break, for them, social mobility will be a luxury thing.
In some developed countries will put forward their own candidates for election at the beginning of the welfare of children and the idea of this platform, which has been obtained as a must item to plan to the voters. For example, in the last election the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan Democratic Party and the war, education and child welfare as an arena to be an important issue, the Democratic Party promised to implement from the beginning of the year 2010, to every secondary school children per year 310,002 million yen subsidies, abolition of the national public high school tuition, school to children in private schools to provide subsidies. Liberal Democratic Party has put forward a kindergarten, nursery and other early childhood education, free of, in high school and college scholarships for the creation of a non-repayable. Debate on this issue and one to compete with, actually make that election to focus debate on how to attract is a national child-care aspects. Frankly speaking, China's current system of aid orphans include child welfare agencies, urban low relief, the beneficiaries relief, rescue and other rural poor households, of course, not all orphans can be incorporated, according to statistics, about Three orphaned still not help. In fact, China is now in the maintenance and protection of child welfare, basically rely on the family, the family as the mainstay, although this decision is because the Chinese history and culture of children is still a "private property", the long-term institutional and Pratt & Whitney type of assistance has yet to be perfected.
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