艾滋病成为第一大死因病种[刘君]的对策与思考Find balance between development and population growth (international perspective) population of South Africa's AIDS policy (Photos)
2010-08-16 03:56:00 Source: People's Daily (Beijing)
 
 

South Asia is facing the dual pressures of population and agriculture, water resources strained. The picture shows the boy went away to draw water in Pakistan.

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In Germany, the elderly-specific supermarket.

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India

Pros and cons of controversial fast-growing population

Population growth has been the concern of the Government of India, will be completed in the first quarter of next year's national census will for the government after a lapse of 10 years to provide reliable population data. It is estimated that India's population has more than 1.2 billion, more than 10 years ago, nearly 100 million.

So far, India has not yet formed and implement uniform national fertility policy, fertility can be pushed through some of the policy by the state government to develop and promote the implementation of its own. Individual state governments to develop practical fertility policy, Maharashtra where Mumbai is one of them.

Maharashtra currently has 93 million population. From May 2001 onwards, the state government staff at most two children. If the government in violation of the policy, then bounce back the children no longer enjoy the benefits provided by the Government. For violation of the political parties, the Government will abolish the right to participate in local elections, while not allowing them to become the leading state-owned enterprises. The state health officials said the government hopes to implement family planning policies, the State present in a few years the birth rate dropped to 2.6% 2.1%. Located in the Department of Satara district Bonsi is fantastic and the local government in 2007 to launch a highly innovative incentives - with the funding "second honeymoon" approach to control fertility. The policy actually rewards childbearing. Under the policy, if a couple married for two years before the first child, it will be worth 5,000 rupees (1 U.S. dollar equals 45 rupees) in spree; if the first child's birth will be delayed until 3 years of marriage After the spree will amount to 7500 rupees. Satara district currently has 300 million people. There will be about 2.5 million people each year marriage, 87% of the first year of marriage the couple will give birth to first child. Thus, the local government put forward the proposal and I hope to have 20% of the couples involved in this project, so that 4,000 children a year delay in the birth.

At present, the Indian media and academia on the rapid growth of population there are two very different perspectives. One view is that rapid population growth to ensure a rising proportion of young people, this will be coming off of the foundation supporting India, India reap "demographic dividend" era coming; while another view was concerned that rapid growth population will become a burden on national economic development.

(Delhi Wang Lei)

South Africa

AIDS population policy

After 4 years of drafting and consultation, after repeated, South Africa, the new population policy document adopted in 1998 and implemented. The new population policy by controlling the population size, structure and growth to achieve sustainable development goals. The new policy emphasizes sustainable human development, that is, the people on the center of all development strategies, development of man as the driving force and ultimate beneficiary. South Africa, the population policy as a national development plan, additional macro-economic policies, development of population policy aims to improve the quality of life without sacrificing future generations's development needs; Yao ensure that all South African people have equal access to high quality of life, emphasizing the demographic, socio-economic development and the environment of balanced development. South Africa's population policy, the birth rate, mortality and population movements to achieve sustainable human development as an important indicator.

South Africa are middle-income developing countries, but not high fertility, population growth is not fast. Statistics South Africa recently released mid-year population projections show that South Africa's population growth of 530,000 over the past year, reaching 49.99 million. Roughly the same population in which men and women, male life expectancy was 53.3 years, female life expectancy was 55.2 years. The total population, nearly 31% of young people under 15 years of age, people over the age of 60 accounted for 7.6%, still relatively young population structure. The most developed economy's most populous province, Gauteng, is the largest area to accept migrants from other provinces. Data show that South Africa's population growth over the past 10 years, basic decreased year by year, from 1.4% in 2001 to the current 1.06%. In addition, the average fertility per woman in South Africa the number of children also showed a declining trend in fertility is currently 2.38 children per person.

It is worth noting that the impact of AIDS on population policy in South Africa great. Over the past 10 years of HIV infection in South Africa the proportion of the total population has been rising, currently living with HIV is 5.24 million, accounting for 10.5% of the total population. The number of people died of AIDS-related illnesses last 3 years has dropped somewhat, but still the country's total annual number of deaths 43% of deaths. In addition, AIDS has seriously affected the population structure of South Africa, currently South Africa is expected to have 1.99 million AIDS orphans, many families can only be headed by the elderly or young children. AIDS is South Africa's population, the heavy burden of social and economic development. South Africa to fight AIDS for many years regarded as an important task, now that each year into the financial budget of up to hundreds of millions of dollars, and are still increasing year by year, 2010 is expected to have 160 million people Jieshou anti-virus Liao Fa.

(Newspaper in South Africa's Peiguang Jiang)

Indonesia

Control of population is the core factor in the development of

This year in May, Indonesia began a history of six large-scale census. The census is the highest level ever in Indonesia once, is the most detailed census information once. The results showed that Indonesia currently has a population of about 237 million, slightly higher than the proportion of men and women.

Currently, about 4.2 million newborns each year in Indonesia, continued to show an upward trend in population, the population growth rate of 1.4%. In this regard, Indonesia's Minister of the Interior Gama million Fa Wuzi that effective control of Indonesia's population of 30-year-old "family planning" does not seem as effective as in the past had.

Population growth has been troubled by a problem in Indonesia. To the mid 60s of last century, the Indonesian population, independent from the beginning of 1945 rose to 100 million more than 72 million. To alleviate this problem, in 1968, the Indonesian government established the "National Family Planning Association", the unified leadership of the country's family planning work. In the same year, the Indonesian government to control population growth in its first five-year plan.

In 1972, the Indonesian Government to formulate a population planning, requiring 600 million-year period 1971-1975 include family planning, provides average number of children per family dropped to 2 people, in order to reduce the birth rate by half by 2000. To achieve this plan, the relevant Indonesian law provides for the minimum marriageable age for men to promote women's fertility after the age of 20 to 30-year-old best to stop birth, birth interval of 3 years the best. Also, the Government also used various means to spread knowledge of birth control, and birth control to provide preferential loans. Since the implementation of family planning, Indonesia, the population growth rate from 2.3% in 1972 fell to 1.6% in 1996.

In 2009, according to the population growth and development of the family law, the Indonesian government established the "Indonesian National Family Planning Board." The law will control the population as a core element of national development, and the official Indonesian National Family Planning Council of State for Women's Affairs Ministry branch.

Census results in this release, the council plans to relevant departments, by 2015, a mother from the current average fertility of 2.3 children on average reduced to a mother gives birth a child. Board also proposed to increase the young men and women of marriageable age, that men from 19 years to 25 years and the female from 16 years to 21 years to reduce the population growth rate in Indonesia.

(PD resident reporter Zhang Hui in Indonesia)

United States

There are no official population policy

Strictly speaking, the United States has no population policy. Held in Johannesburg in 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the U.S. government report said: "The United States Government does not have an official population policy. In part because of low population density, large areas of sparsely populated ... ... In addition, if implemented, how the population policy issues, the lack of consensus on the American people. "

In practice, the main virtue of the U.S. government immigration, abortion, taxation and other laws and regulations to regulate the size of the population, but these measures are highly controversial in the country, the practice of different states vary. The highest concern is immigration. United States, the number of legal immigrants each year about 100 million contribution to population growth rate of 40%. Immigrants mainly from Mexico, India and the Philippines.

Immigrants have contributed to the U.S. economy, but illegal immigration has also brought crime. Arizona passed a law in April of this year, decided to implement more stringent immigration laws. In the federal government's strong opposition, on July 29, federal judge will most controversial new immigration laws in the main clause "pre-empt." The irony is that 60% of Americans and 70% of the people of Arizona, said in accepting the opinion poll support for the immigration laws. Can be seen from the cited federal, state and public policy differences in the population.

The Research Bureau of the U.S. population, experts said Jacobsen, 2050, the United States of elderly people aged 65 and over will double, reaching 8900 million. Immigrants would be the support aging and cracking the key problems of social security. He said: "I do not know if this is the solution, but it definitely lets get rid of the U.S. population in some Western European countries, Japan and the predicament."

Abortion is also a "minefield." For over 40 years, the attitude of the United States from a total ban on abortion shifted gradually loosened. The United States will continue to prohibit federal funds for abortions, 29 states only in the maternal face of danger to abortion, allowed to use government funds to cover their medical insurance. Nevertheless, the United States each year about 1.2 million cases of abortion.

Taxation, the U.S. government to allow minors in accordance with the number of children per family, to offset the corresponding personal income tax, the more children, the more tax credit. The Government also has to provide subsidies for children of low-income families. This system indirectly encourages procreation.

U.S. population of 310 million now to less than 5% of the world's population consumed more than 25% of energy. 2050, U.S. population will increase to 440 million, an increase of about 40%. By this growth and energy consumption, obviously the United States will be overwhelmed. For this reason, many American nongovernmental organizations and experts have repeatedly calls on the government population policy, that the population stabilization goals. 1996, President Clinton's Sustainable Development Advisory Committee has called for the United States must coordinate the implementation of population policy, but with the regime change nothing happened.

U.S. Environmental Law Institute criticized the Government for dodging the issue of population policy, some policies contradict each other. The Institute pointed out that the United States, China and India, population pressure than large, because the per capita resource consumption in the United States far more than India and other developing countries. The Institute believes that to achieve sustainable social development, the United States should first start in three areas: the United States signed the international recognition on population, development and environment agreements, taken into account when formulating development plans of population stabilization, environmental protection and energy utilization factor; assess the environmental capacity of the United States, the Government has never started a comprehensive study in this regard; face of demographic factors on environmental changes, some people environmentally threatened areas may need to migrate.

(Washington Pipe g Jiang)

Japan

Create a safe environment for raising children

Recently, the Japanese centenarians have "disappeared", recorded more than 40,000 centenarians in, nearly 300 people unaccounted for, it also exposes the aging society facing a serious challenge.

"Aging" and "low birth rate" phenomenon coexist in Japan has been deeply concerned about social issues. The problem is that the direct consequences of population decline. According to Ministry of Internal Affairs on July 31 published data, as of the end of year 3, the Japanese population of about 1.2705 million, compared with the previous year 18 323 people, after a lapse of three years, reduced again.

Number of births in Japan last year, about 1.07 million, decreased for two consecutive years, is second only to the year 2006 at least. The findings also show that in the Japanese population, the population of children under the age of 14, 13.4% to a record low, while the elderly population aged over 65 accounted for 22.7%, a record high. Ministry of Internal Affairs said that "Japan may actually enter the population decline of society."

Since the year 2000, the Japanese general population decline. The phenomenon of population aging is a common problem in many developed countries, while Japan's aging rate and the level was particularly prominent. In 1950, the United States, Germany and other developed countries, accounting for over 65 years old 10% of the elderly population, when not and 5% in Japan, in 2010 this indicator in Japan 23%, far more than other developed countries. According to United Nations projections, by 2050, the rate of aging in Japan will reach 38%, far more than the aging rate of less than 30% of France, Britain, the United States and other countries, into the "super-aging society." Japan is expected in 2055, 2.5 per individual in a person over 65 years of age.

Japan in 1995 formulated the "Basic Strategy aging society", and according to the outline measures to develop the aging society, in employment, health, learning, living environment and other areas response to aging. With the aging of Japan is also changing social conditions, to amend the pensions, road transportation, housing conditions, care and other related laws. According to "2010 White Paper on Ageing Society", Japan 2010 related to an aging society should budget more than 17 trillion yen.

In addressing the issue of low birth rate, Japan is trying to develop a safe social environment for raising children. In 1990, the Japanese birth rate fell to 1.57%, in 2009 the birth rate of 1.37%, to raise the fertility rate, Japan is to support children and their parents in many aspects. 2003, Japan formulated the "Basic Strategy declining birthrate society", the current low birth rate measures have played Cabinet minister. This year, the Japanese started junior high school and below 13,000 yen per month of child subsidies, implementation of the free senior secondary education and further enrich the college scholarships. Society efforts to promote the meaning of life, importance of the family, to create opportunities for people to have more contact with children to promote child-care infrastructure. In addition, the promotion of corporate control work long hours to ensure that leave and support men to take parental leave, to enhance male child-rearing, domestic work, awareness, to help office workers to achieve work-life balance

In the immigration issue, by the low birth rate the impact of aging, the Japanese public have asked for more the voice of immigrants, but in accepting immigrants in Japan is still very cautious.

(Newspaper reporter in Japan Cui Yin)

Korea

Favorable policies to encourage childbirth

Recently, the reporter on population policies and demographic trends and other issues, interviews with South Korea's Ministry of Health and Welfare Administrator Cao Chung Hyun.

Recalling the South Korean government earlier population policy, Cao Zhong-hyun, said, for the rapid population growth does not affect the overall social development, South Korea was in 1961 in the economic development plan in the introduction of the "family planning cause" to pairs of rapid population growth being a superpower. Seven during the eighties of last century, South Korea to further the implementation of policies to curb population growth. During this period, South Korea developed a "Mother and Child Health", from the law to allow abortion by medical means; increase the cause of family planning propaganda of family planning workers will be included in the formal establishment of such posts. In addition, Korea also began the implementation of various birth control incentives, such as the following family of two children, personal income tax relief; to have two children and accept the following sterilization of individuals to give priority to buy the government's public housing; birth within two children and sterilization in public hospitals who have children can reduce the required hospitalization and surgery costs. To the 90s of last century, South Korea repeal of the policy to curb rapid population growth, began to stress quality of the population and the overall social welfare, the Government set up the "Population Policy Development Committee" to study and formulate consistent with the overall development of population policy.

Cao Zhong-hyun said that the 21st century, South Korea continue to lower fertility rates and aging society, the Korean government began to develop a variety of fertility incentives, and actively respond to the issue of aging. In 2005, South Korea to develop "low fertility, aging society the Basic Law", and set up directly under the President of the "low fertility, aging and Social Commission" and "low fertility, aging, social policy this Part." To promote early marriage and to encourage fertility, South Korea for marriage, childbirth, parenting and other sectors have developed a reward policy. For example, for a monthly income below a certain level of annual provision of 50,000 sets of newlyweds affordable housing; for pregnant women to provide some prenatal checkups cost; to 90 days paid maternity leave, and to give men and 3 days " maternity leave "; children under 6 years of age, women can have a year at home raising children, monthly from 40 to 500,000 won (1 U.S. dollar equals 1,163 won) the basic salary, and retain jobs and so on. To deal with aging, the elderly South Korean government through the establishment of sound pension fund system, and the four basic policy of the protection of the Aged.



South Korea's total population on the trend, Cao Zhong-hyun said South Korea's birth rate decreased in recent years, has reached very serious proportions. Mean age at childbearing Korean women since 1984, continued growth in 2009 reached 31 years of age, compared with 0.2 years in 2008. The number of full year 2009, 445,000 newborns, less than 21,000 in 2008, while the female average lifetime number of children dropped to 1.15, 0.04 less than in 2008. In addition, later marriage and childbearing further aggravated the situation, South Korea 25 to 29 age group the number of women giving birth for the 156,000, 13,000 less than last year. South Korea's total population in 2009 48,747,000, due to lower birth rate, estimated South Korea's population will peak in 2018, and then will continue to reduce, by 2050 the total population of Korea is expected to be reduced to 42,343,000. At the same time, aging will continue to increase, in 2009 the population aged 65 and over 5.193 million, 10.7% of the total population. 2050, aged 65 and over population will reach 16,156,000, 38.2% of the total population.

(Newspaper reporter stationed in Korea, Chen Mang 9) (This article Source: PRC - People's Daily)