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艾滋病感染者就业官司凸显观念冲突与社会矛盾
http://www.sina.com.cn 2010年11月08日09:42 新周报周末版
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| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
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艾滋病感染者的就业官司
来源：新周报周末版 本报记者 张龙翔
具有标本意义的我国“艾滋病就业歧视第一案”，没有贸然给出判决结果。事实上，艾滋病人就业维权的背后，更多的是错综复杂的观念冲突与社会矛盾。
10月13日，被媒体称为“艾滋病就业歧视第一案”的官司在安徽开庭审理，此案的原告小吴(化名)曾报名参加当地的教师招聘，但他因在体检中艾滋病检测呈阳性而被当地教育局拒之门外。事隔一周，四川一名求职者小军(化名)将其所在地的教育部门和人事部门告上法庭，巧合的是，他也是在应聘教师岗位时被查出感染艾滋病毒的。
在“谈艾色变”的当下社会，两起艾滋病感染者就业官司的判决，将成为今后相同案件的范例。但两起案件得背后，更多的是错综复杂的观念冲突与社会矛盾。
起诉追讨就业权
今年5月6日，安徽省安庆市教育局发布《2010年安庆市直学校公开招聘教师公告》。从外省师范学校毕业的大学生小吴，于当月29日参加了安庆市教育局组织的这场招考。
从笔试到面试，小吴的各项成绩都遥遥领先。最后的体检出了问题。
7月12日，小吴在安庆市立医院进行了体检。体检报告单上赫然写着“HIV-1抗体阳性”(感染艾滋病)。小吴要求复检，结果依然如上。
随后，安庆市教育局的拒绝录用通知书也到了他的手里。“我很喜欢当老师的感觉，(但是当时知道结果后)很绝望！”小吴表示，“我是应届毕业生，面对很大的就业压力，期待能找份工作好好孝敬自己的父母。”
查出感染了艾滋病又被市教育局拒绝录用的小吴，陷入了焦虑之中。他了解到，教育局拒绝录用自己的理由是，这次的教师考试的体检标准用的是《公务员录用体检通用标准》(试行)。
小吴上网搜索发现，按照国家法律规定，艾滋病携带者可以报考公务员，他忽然间感到可以维权。随后，小吴跟教育局进行了交涉，索要体检单。然而交涉并不顺利，教育局的相关工作人员告诉他，不能将体检表给他，除非去法院起诉。
安庆市教育局副局长吴功华此前在接受媒体采访时表示，之所以没有给小吴体检表，是鉴于涉及小吴的个人隐私。他还表示，最初他们并不知道小吴是什么病，也未向外透露任何关于他本人的信息，也没有告诉其本人是什么病。
迫于无奈，小吴只好一纸诉状将教育局告上法庭，并在开庭前一个月申请追加安庆市人社局作为第二被告。因为此次招聘工作是由人社局和教育局共同组织的，教育局为用人单位，人社局为审批机关。
该案已于10月13日开庭审理，但法院当庭没有宣判。
同病相怜的命运
和小吴有同样遭遇的还有四川省攀枝花市某县镇的小军，他是2002年某师范学院毕业的学生。因为喜爱教师行业，所以一毕业就在自己所在的小镇做起了每月工资不到500元的代课老师。
今年，小军参加了当地的教师招聘考试。同样的事情发生了，小军笔试和面试均通过，甚至连岗前培训都已经做了，却在最后的体检环节查出感染了艾滋病，被拒绝录用。
“当时很受打击，也不相信他们说的是真的。所以就申请复检，但是9月9日最后的复检结果还是一样。”小军告诉《新周报·周末版》记者。
对教师职业的渴望让小军并没有沮丧，他上网查询了很多相关资料，发现虽然是艾滋病感染者，但是并不影响正常生活和工作，“没查出(感染艾滋病)之前，我一点都不知道自己会得这个病，我身体很好，精神也很好。”
在研究了相关法律条款后，小军觉得自己不应该被拒绝录用，于是写了一份材料向教育局和人事局讨说法，但是遭到拒绝。
据小军介绍，当地的教育局、人事局召集了很多单位商议其事，因此纪委、公安局、信访局、法制办、民宗局等单位几乎全部知道了小军感染艾滋病的事情。
为了维护自己的合法权利，小军从网上找到了北京益仁平中心的于方强律师请求帮助。在于律师的介绍下，曾经办理过云南小学生卖淫案的许兴华律师接手了他的案件，并且也已经将组织教师招聘的两个单位——当地人事局和教育局告上法庭。“事实上，一些部门已经侵犯了小军的隐私权。”许兴华介绍说。
因此，小军除了状告用人单位侵犯平等就业权利外，还状告一些部门侵犯了自己的隐私权。目前案件正在等待立案中。许兴华表示，因为有之前安徽小吴的案件作为参考，小军的案子立案应该不成问题。
坚定的“撞墙者”
记者了解知道，虽然两个案件在起诉之前，小吴和小军都出现了犹豫和为难，但是挣扎之后还是坚定地站出来，用小吴自己的话说：“我也不清楚我为什么会站出来啊，为什么会去‘撞墙’，我觉得是本能的反抗吧”。用小军的话就是：“这是我的权利，我当然要去维护。”
因为小吴的隐私工作做的比较到位，所以他找了一份代课老师的工作，每个月能拿到1000元左右的工资，但这并不能让他感到满意：“如果我能成为正式教师的话，工资肯定要高一些，而且不会像现在这么累，治疗的条件肯定要好一些。”
当记者问起为何敢站出来选择诉讼途径时，小吴答道：“我觉得这是和生存联系在一起的，没有经济来源怎么办？我的想法很简单，就是想要一份好工作，可以有钱治病。”
“乙肝都翻身了，为什么艾滋病不可以网开一面呢？”小吴对将来抱有希望：“第一个人站起来，身后就会有很多人站起来。如果国家相关规定可以改变的话，我还可以去其他地方考教师或者公务员。”
而据许兴华律师介绍，虽然小军自己很乐观，为人也很老实诚恳，但是由于当地机关侵犯了他的隐私权，这可能使得小军很难找到工作。目前小军依然没有将实情告诉家里人，还对家中称已经开始上班教课了，害怕家中因为此事而操心操劳。“他现在可能在经济上比较困难吧，我来见他时，他还很不好意思的告诉我没有钱帮我订住的地方。是一个很老实很好的年轻人。”许兴华说。
无知引发偏见
来自联合国艾滋病规划署的数据显示，截至2009年，中国存活艾滋病病毒携带者74万人，艾滋病人10.5万人。然而这样一个庞大的群体却一直以“低调”的方式忍受着来自社会各界的压力与歧视。
北京爱知行研究所相关负责人江天勇表示：“这种情况的出现有几个方面的原因。一是从艾滋病出现以来，我们前期对它的认识不足，公众对它的认识更是一知半解甚至有些偏颇。二是我们社会各个方面所做的工作还不到位。三是很多人一谈到艾滋病，就和个人的道德、生活问题牵扯在一起，这就导致了这个群体对自己本身没有信心。这是由于无知而导致的偏见。”
许兴华律师认为，最严重的问题是这些误解和错误的认识造成的歧视问题，而且歧视可能是无处不在的，“比如小吴和小军的案子就是就业歧视。”而且对于小军来说，还牵扯到了隐私问题，其实隐性的问题对这个群体所造成的伤害可能更大。
北京益仁平中心的于方强也对这种隐性的问题表示了担忧。他举例说，比如用人单位虽然同意了艾滋病携带者入职，但是在生活上和工作上依然存在一些误解，从而造成“隐性歧视”，比如说升迁、提拔等，用人单位以其他理由不执行，从而影响这个群体的利益。
李方平表示，虽然目前我国在艾滋病的防治宣传上下了很大的功夫，但是可能在“反歧视”这个方面的宣传力度还不够，他希望能够加大这方面的宣传。他还认为，虽然小吴的案子是对现有法律的检视，也是对社会固有观念的一个挑战，具有标杆性的意义，但是对于艾滋病的反歧视，单靠小吴和小军这样极少数的人站出来，力量还是很微弱的。这个庞大的群体权益，需要整个社会一起去帮助维护。
裹挟法律和道德的艰难判决
10月13日上午，国内艾滋病就业歧视第一案在安庆迎江区法院不公开开庭审理，原告小吴没有现身。双方争论的焦点有两个：一是教师招考体检是否可以参照公务员标准，二是目前我国公务员录用体检通用标准是否合法。
法院择日宣判的决定让原被告双方都无法放松，裹挟着道德和法律的双重争论，这场艾滋歧视的诉讼硝烟并没有散去。
有观点认为，这起案子的判决，国内至少74万艾滋病病毒携带者的态度不是主要的，起决定作用的可能是13亿中国人中的绝大多数人的态度。
能否参照公务员体检标准
法庭上，原告律师从《劳动法》《就业促进法》《传染病防治法》《艾滋病防治条例》四部法律法规出发，“小吴享有法律规定的平等就业权，任何单位和个人不得歧视他这样的艾滋病病毒携带者。”
对此，被告教育局代理律师韦国称，教育局依据小吴体检不合格的结论做出不予录用的事实清晰、证据充分、程序合法，不存在任何违法违规行为。韦国说，根据《公务员录用体检通用标准》(试行)18条明确规定：性传播疾病包括艾滋病，属于体检必检项目，参照这个标准，小吴的体检不合格就没法录取。
原告律师李方平却认为，就算是教师招考体检没有明确的通用标准，那也不该参照公务员标准。“公务员与教师分属不同序列，而且前者的体检要求或者会更高。”
被告方说，在教师招考之前，安庆市教育局曾在网上公告，写明会参照公务员体检标准，“小吴既然报名参加那就是认同了这种标准。”原告律师反驳称，用公务员体检标准录用教师本身就是不合法。
病毒携带者能否当老师
原告律师认为，在没有明确的法律规定之前，教师并不是艾滋病病毒携带者的“就业禁区”。
庭审中，被告提出，“不存在艾滋病病毒携带者这一概念”，他们认为，感染HIV后几乎百分之百发病，携带者就是病人。发病后不治疗，死亡可能性非常大。“我们作出的拒录决定，对学校的学生、对社会以及对小吴本人来说，都是本着负责的态度。”
作为被告方的安庆市教育局和人社局一直没有明确接受媒体采访的意思，庭审结束后，教育局的吴姓副局长没有接受记者采访，而人社局负责人更是摆着手匆匆离开了法院。
当天下午，记者来到安庆市教育局，被办公室的工作人员告知吴局长已经去外地出差。这位工作人员表示自己不方便多说，但他随后向记者提出一个问题：“如果你是小孩家长，你会同意学校里让有艾滋病的人做老师吗？”他表示，不予录用并不是歧视，而是对学生的保护。
随后，记者在安庆街头随机采访了几位市民，得到的回答显示人们对艾滋病依然存在偏见。“我自己跟患艾滋病的人握手和拥抱都是没问题的，但是如果我孩子的老师是艾滋病人的话就绝对不行。”这位学生家长的话代表了很多人的观点。
“第一案”意义在哪
小吴的代理律师李方平曾经代理过2006年的“天津乙肝歧视第一案”，他认为“艾滋病就业歧视第一案”不会像乙肝歧视案那么艰难。
“虽然当时只是调解获得赔偿，但影响是巨大的。”李方平说，后来新的《国家公务员录用体检标准》将乙肝病毒携带者调整为合格，不再检查乙肝“两对半”。
“因为这是国内首例艾滋病就业歧视案件，所以这个司法判例的影响会非常大。”李方平律师告诉记者：“假如法院判决安庆市教育局这种行政行为合法的话，实际上就是否定了《艾滋病防治条例》；如果法院支持了小吴，或许当时对相关法律法规产生不了太大影响，但随着社会舆论的广泛关注，以及更多类似案件的出现，这可能会导致一系列法规的清零。”
当天庭审结束后不久，公益机构北京益仁平中心就向人力资源和社会保障部、卫生部寄送了建议信。这封长达近5000字的建议信认为，公务员体检标准中对艾滋病病毒感染者的限制，违反我国宪法和法律的相关规定，威胁艾滋病群体的各项权益。
HIV case highlights the concepts of employment and social contradictions of conflict
http://www.sina.com.cn 2010 年 11 月 08 日 09:42 Weekly new weekend edition
AIDS employment lawsuit
Source: New Weekly reporter Zhang Longxiang weekend
Significance with samples of "first case of AIDS discrimination in employment", not rashly give verdict. In fact, AIDS, protection of employment rights of people behind the concept is more complicated conflicts and social contradictions.
October 13, by the media as "the first case of AIDS discrimination in employment," the lawsuit trial in Anhui, the case of the plaintiff, Xiao Wu (a pseudonym) had enrolled in a local teacher recruitment, but he was tested positive for HIV in the physical examination positive but turned away by the local Department of Education. A week later, a job seeker small army of Sichuan (a pseudonym) to the education sector and the local personnel department to court, coincidentally, he is also the candidate of the Job was found when HIV infection.
In "On Ai mere mention of" the present society, the employment of two AIDS case ruling, the case will become an example of the same. But two cases was behind the concept is more complicated conflicts and social contradictions.
Prosecution claim the right to employment
May 6 this year, Anqing City Department of Education released the "2010 school directly under the open recruitment of Anqing Teachers notice." Normal school graduates from other provinces Xiao Wu, 29, took part in the month of Anqing City Board of Education to recruit this organization.
From the written to the interview, Xiao Wu, the results are far ahead. The final examination is a problem.
July 12, Xiao Wu, Anqing City Hospital in a medical examination. Written on a single medical report "HIV-1 antibody positive" (AIDS). Xiao Wu requires re-examination, the results remain as above.
Subsequently, the Anqing City Department of Education also to the notice, refuse to employ his hands. "I like the feeling of a teacher, (but at that time know the results) are desperate!" Xiao Wu said, "I'm graduates, facing great pressure on employment, looking forward to a good job in their own parents. "
Found to be infected with HIV and refuse to employ the named Wu City Board of Education, into the anxiety. He understood that Department of Education refused to hire their own reason is the standard medical examination of teachers using a "common standard civil service recruitment examination," (Trial).
Xiao Wu, the Internet search found that, in accordance with state law, HIV carriers can apply for civil service, he suddenly felt able to safeguard their rights. Subsequently, Xiao Wu made representations with the Department of Education, ask for a single examination. But negotiations are not successful, the relevant Department of Education staff told him not to give him a medical examination, unless to court.
Wugong Hua, deputy director of Anqing City Board of Education had said in an interview that the reason there is no medical examination to Xiao Wu, Xiao Wu's view of privacy involved. He also said that initially they do not know what disease Xiao Wu, and did not disclose any information about himself, there is no telling what his or her disease.
Forced, Xiao Wu had 一纸诉状将 Department of Education to court, and apply an additional month before the hearing people in Anqing City Community Council as the second defendant. Because the recruitment agency by the Bureau and the Department of Education who co-organized Bureau of Education for employers, Human Resources and Social Council for examination and approval authority.
The case was October 13 hearing, but the court did not sentence the court.
The fate of the same boat
And Xiao Wu also suffered the same county in the town of Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, a small army, he is a 2002 graduate of Teachers College students. Because love the teaching profession, so a graduate to start their own small town where the monthly wage of less than 500 yuan a substitute teacher.
This year, the small army of teachers to participate in the local recruitment examinations. The same thing happened, Xiaojun have passed written test and interview, and even pre-job training has been done, but in the last part of the medical examination found infected with AIDS, was refused employment.
"It was a shock, do not believe they say is true. Therefore, the application for re-examination, but on September 9 last review the results remain the same." Xiaojun told the "New Weekly Weekend Edition" reporter.
The occupation of teaching small army did not want to upset him a lot of information online searching and found that although AIDS, but does not affect the normal life and work, "did not find out (HIV) before, I do not know that they will get this disease, I am in good health and good spirit. "
After studying the relevant legal provisions, the small army that they should not be refused employment, write a document to the Department of Education and Personnel to discuss that, but was rejected.
According to introduce small army, the local Department of Education, Bureau of Personnel convened a discussion many units the event, so Commission for Discipline Inspection, the Public Security Bureau, Complaints Bureau, Office of Legislative Affairs, Bureau and other units of the people were almost all small army knew what AIDS.
In order to safeguard their legitimate rights, a small army from the Internet to find the center of Beijing Yi Ren Ping lawyer for help in the strong side. Is introduced to a lawyer, who has handled the case of Yunnan, Xu Xinghua prostitution law students took over his case, and also has two units of teacher recruitment organization - the local Personnel Bureau and Department of Education to court. "In fact, some departments have already violated the privacy of small army." Xu Xinghua said.
Therefore, the small army in addition to sue the employer violated the employment rights of equality, but also sued the department violated some of their privacy. Placed on file in the current case is waiting. Xu Xinghua said that because the case before the reference Anhui Xiao Wu, a small army should be no problem filing the case.
Firm "who hit the wall"
To report that, although the two cases before the prosecution, Xiao Wu, and Xiao-Jun have emerged hesitation and difficult, but still strong after struggling to come out with Xiao Wu's own words: "I do not know why I come out ah, why go to 'wall', I think it is instinctive resistance to it. " Words with a small army is: "This is my right, of course I'm going maintenance."
Xiao Wu's privacy because the comparison of the work done in place, so he found a substitute teacher's work, will get 1,000 yuan a month's wages, but that does not make him happy: "If I could become a full teacher words, the wage will certainly be higher, but not so tired as they are now, certainly better than some of the conditions of treatment. "
When a reporter asked why dared to stand up when you choose litigation, Xiao Wu replied: "I think this is linked and survival, there is no source of income how to do? My idea is very simple, just want a good job, there can be treatment of money. "
"Hepatitis B is turned over, why HIV can not be spared it?" Xiao Wu, hope for the future: "The first person to stand up behind a lot of people will stand up. If the state regulations can change, I also Teachers can go to other places or the civil service examination. "
According to Xu Xinghua lawyers, although the small army he is very optimistic, very honest and sincere man, but because the local authorities violated his right to privacy, which may make the work difficult to find small army. Currently small army still not tell the truth to your family, also said it has started to work at home to teach, and fear of the family worked hard for this issue to worry about. "He may now be more difficult financially, and I came to see him, he was very embarrassed to tell I have no money to help me provide a place to live. Is a good honest young man." Xu Xinghua said.
Prejudice caused by ignorance
The data from UNAIDS, as of 2009, China's 74 million people living with HIV survival, 10.5 million people with AIDS. However, such a large group has been "low key" approach to endure the pressure from all walks of life and discrimination.
Beijing Institute of Aichi Bank, said Jiang Tianyong relevant person in charge: "The scenario is there are several reasons. First, from AIDS since the emergence of our previous lack of knowledge of it, the public awareness of it is little knowledge and even some biased. Second, we work in all aspects of society is not in place. Third, a lot of people talking about AIDS to the moral and personal, involved with life issues, which led to this group of no confidence in itself. This because of ignorance and prejudice caused. "
Xu Xinghua lawyers believe that the most serious problem is the understanding of these misunderstandings and errors caused by discrimination, and discrimination may be ubiquitous, "such as Xiao Wu, and the small army that employment discrimination cases." And for the small army, the also to the privacy issues involved, in fact, the problem of hidden damage caused by this group may be greater.
Beijing Yi Ren Qiang Fang-ping centers in the hidden problems on this kind of expressed concern. For example, he said, such as employers, while agreeing the entry of AIDS carriers, but in the life and work is still some misunderstanding, resulting in "hidden discrimination", such as promotion, promotion, etc., the employer does not perform for other reasons , thus affecting the interests of this group.
Li Fangping, said that despite the current AIDS prevention and control of information up and down in a lot of effort, but may be in the "discrimination" in this publicity efforts were not enough, he wanted to increase the publicity in this regard. He also believes that although Xiao Wu's case is the view of existing laws is inherent in the concept of a social challenge, with the benchmark of significance, but for AIDS anti-discrimination, alone and Xiao Jun Xiao Wu, a very few such people come out, power is still very weak. Interest in this huge group, along with the entire community to help maintain.
Coerced the difficult legal and moral judgments
13 October morning, the first national AIDS employment discrimination case is not in Anqing Yingjiang District Court held a public hearing, the plaintiff failed to show up Xiao Wu. Two arguments are two: First, teachers can refer to the civil service recruitment examination standards, the second is the general standard of civil service recruitment examination is legitimate.
Court's decision to select a sentencing date both the original defendant, can not relax, coerced the double moral and legal arguments, this HIV-discrimination lawsuit has not dispersed the smoke.
The idea that the decision that this case, the domestic carriers at least 74 million AIDS virus is not the attitude of the major, may play a decisive role in the vast majority of the 1.3 billion Chinese people's attitude.
Can the civil service examination standards
Court, the plaintiff lawyers from the "Labor Law", "Employment Promotion Law," "Infectious Disease Prevention Law," "AIDS Prevention Act," the starting four laws and regulations, "Xiao Wu is entitled to equal employment rights law, and no unit or individual may discriminate against him living with HIV. "
In this regard, the defendant attorney Wei Guo Department of Education, said Department of Education based on conclusions of Xiao Wu examination failed to make clear the facts are not employed, there is sufficient evidence, legal procedures, there is no law violations. Weiguo said that under the "General Standard for civil service recruitment examination," (Trial) 18 explicitly states: sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS, are medical items will be seized, with reference to this standard, Xiao Wu, a medical examination can not fail to admit.
Li Fangping, plaintiff lawyers say that, even if there is no clear medical examination to recruit teachers, common standards, it was not that the civil service standards. "Civil servants and teachers belong to different sequences, and the former medical requirements or will be higher."
The defense said that before the recruitment of teachers, Anqing City Board of Education has announced the Internet, giving the reference to the civil service examination standards, "Xiao Wu, join now recognized that this standard." Lawyers for the plaintiffs countered that the civil service examination with the standard recruitment of teachers is in itself unlawful.
Can a teacher with HIV
Plaintiffs counsel, in the absence of clear legal provisions before, teachers are not HIV carriers, "employment restricted."
Court trial, the defendant, "there is no concept of people living with HIV," they believe that after almost one hundred percent incidence of HIV infection, carriers of the patients. After onset without treatment, death is highly likely. "We made the decision to refuse to record on the school's students, the community as well as Xiao Wu himself, are in a responsible manner."
As a defense of Anqing City Board of Education and Human Resources and Social Council has no clear meaning in a media interview, after the trial ended, Wu, deputy director of Department of Education did not interview, and the person in charge of Human Resources and Social Council is left in a hurry Bai Zhuoshou the court.
In the afternoon, this reporter went to Anqing City Board of Education, was the office staff to inform the Secretary Nicholas NG has been away on business. The staff said he was not convenient to say, but he then put a question to the reporter: "If you are a child of parents, you will agree that the school allow a teacher who has AIDS?" He said, are not employed is not discrimination, but the protection of students.
Subsequently, the reporter interviewed the streets in Anqing several people, the answer shows that people are still biased against AIDS. "I shook hands with AIDS, and hugs are not the problem, but if my child's teacher is AIDS, then absolutely not." If the parents represent the views of many people.
"First case" in which meaning
Xiao Wu's lawyer Li Fangping, had acted on the 2006 "Tianjin First HBV Discrimination Case", he believes that "the first case of AIDS discrimination in employment" is not so hard as hepatitis B cases of discrimination.
"Although the compensation was only mediation, but the impact is enormous." Said Li Fangping, then the new "national civil service recruitment examination standards" will be adjusted to pass hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B is no longer check the "two in half."
"Because this is the first case of AIDS in employment discrimination cases, so the impact of judicial precedent will be very large." Lawyer Li Fangping told reporters: "If the court in Anqing City Board of Education so that the legitimate administrative action, in fact, deny the" HIV Prevention Act "; if the court supported Xiao Wu, relevant laws and regulations at the time may not produce the effect, but with the widespread concern of public opinion, and more similar cases emerge, a series of laws and regulations may result in clear . "
Shortly after the end of the day of the trial, public interest organizations to Beijing Yi Ren Ping Center for Human Resources and Social Security, Ministry of Health sent a recommendation letter. To this proposal for almost 5,000 words of the letter that the medical standards in the civil service on HIV restrictions in violation of our Constitution and laws of the relevant provisions of the threat of AIDS, the rights group
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