治疗艾滋病的药物搜集

　　自1986年中国大陆发现首例艾滋病患者之后，我国艾滋病发病由最初的传入期、后来的播散期，已发展到现在的快速增长期。据有关专家测算，我国实际感染艾滋病病毒人数已达40万人。

　　号称“超级癌症”的艾滋病，传播快，死亡率高，世界各国的医药学家均致力于研究与探索抗艾滋病新药，不断有新的药品试用或问世，现撷取部分介绍如下。

　　首先以叠氮脱氧胸苷与二脱氧肌苷、二脱氧胞苷为代表揭开了这场殊死搏斗的序幕，可惜它们的毒副作用较大，又易产生抗药性，特别是叠氮脱氧胸苷还有骨髓抑制、白细胞下降、总淋巴细胞数减少及巨幼红细胞贫血等反应。

　　继而有齐多夫定、拉米夫定、司坦夫定、扎西他滨、去羟肌苷与尼维拉平、奈韦拉平、地拉韦定等后起之秀，如雨后春笋般地涌现。据报道，全球已有100万以上的婴儿通过母亲感染上艾滋病病毒，按世界卫生组织预测，若再不重视防治，在10年间将有500～1000万婴儿被感染。泰国已采取在怀孕晚期和分娩时给予齐多夫定，可使母婴传染率降低一半，而且药费较低。欧洲一些国家让已感染艾滋病病毒的母亲从受孕后26周起每日口服齐多夫定，分娩时再静脉注射齐多夫定，胎儿出生后也给予齐多夫定6周，这样能使传染的危险性减少2/3。

　　近年艾滋病病毒蛋白酶抑制剂面世，它们能使艾滋病病毒的有关酶失去活性，无法合成蛋白，从而阻止其繁殖与传播，故具有战略意义。这类药有印地那韦、沙奎那韦、利托那韦、奈非那韦、阿巴卡韦、帕利那韦等。

　　此外，羟基脲用作抗癌药已有30余年，现又发现它能抑制艾滋病病毒繁殖，尤其对淋巴系统的病毒更为敏感。若将其与印地那韦及去羟肌苷合用，则疗效最佳，且介廉物美。上述诸药，大多仅使艾滋病病毒处于抑制状态，但无法根除。故须及早治疗，且联合用药（俗称为鸡尾酒疗法），以提高疗效，降低毒副反应，延缓抗药性。

　　应用某些中药及其提取物治疗艾滋病也是一个重要途径。如天花粉蛋白能杀灭被感染的细胞，也可抑制艾滋病病毒在受感染的T细胞内繁殖；甘草多糖能增强免疫功能，刺激网状内皮系统，增强机体自然杀伤细胞的活性；苦瓜蛋白能升高T4细胞；灵芝具有改善微循环、调节T细胞和B细胞的作用，能刺激巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞，促使单核细胞分泌白细胞介素和肿瘤坏死因子，以抑制过高的免疫反应。还有一些中药也有调节免疫功能的作用。如增加T细胞的天门冬与苡仁；增加白细胞的人参与党参；增强中性白细胞吞噬作用的香菇；诱发干扰素产生的黄芪与白扁豆；加强抗体、补体活性的桂枝、黄精和香菇；促进免疫球蛋白生成的黄芪和淫羊藿等。在中药复方中，小柴胡汤对艾滋病病毒有较强的抑制作用，使感染者的淋巴细胞、辅助T细胞及自然杀伤细胞均有明显增加。抗艾滋病药物虽使许多人体内的艾滋病病毒一度被控制到几乎检测不到的程度，但很快又会死灰复燃。故研制开发抗艾滋病疫苗一直是人们梦寐以求的宿愿。但由于该病毒与抗体共存于血液中，而该细胞表面却无病毒抗原，难以被免疫细胞所识别，故长期以来步履维艰。所幸现已用人工分离出该病毒，且能进行培养与繁殖，为创制新疫苗带来了希望的曙光。

To collect drugs to treat AIDS

Since 1986, mainland China was found after the first case of AIDS, AIDS in China imported from the initial period, the subsequent spread of the period has been developed to the present period of rapid growth. According to expert estimates, the actual number of people infected with HIV has reached 400,000 people.

So-called "super cancer" of AIDS, the spread of fast, high mortality and medical experts around the world are committed to research and explore new drugs to fight AIDS, drugs, new trial, or come out to capture some of is described below.

First azido deoxythymidine and 2 deoxy-inosine, deoxycytidine represented by two opened a prelude to the life-and-death struggle, but their toxic side effects, but also easy to produce drug resistance, especially azido deoxythymidine There are bone marrow suppression, leukopenia, with a total reduction in the number of lymphocytes and macrophages, such as reaction erythroblastic anemia.

Then there is zidovudine, lamivudine, the Secretary will be facing Al, zalcitabine, didanosine and尼维拉ping, nevirapine, delavirdine, such as a rising star, such as the emergence of mushrooming. It is reported that there are more than one million babies infected through mother with HIV, according to the World Health Organization predicted that if do not attach importance to prevention and treatment, in 10 years there will be 500 to 10 million babies are infected. Thailand have been taken late in pregnancy and childbirth when zidovudine can halve the rate of mother-to-child transmission, and lower medication. So that some European countries have been infected with HIV from pregnant mothers from 26 weeks after daily oral zidovudine, childbirth when intravenous zidovudine, the fetus after birth is also given AZT for 6 weeks, which will enable transmission of reduce the risk of 2 / 3.

In recent years, HIV protease inhibitors available, they make HIV-related loss of enzyme activity can not be synthesized protein, thereby preventing its reproduction and dissemination, it is of strategic significance. Such drugs have Indy ritonavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, abacavir, ritonavir, such as Pali.

In addition, anti-cancer drug hydroxyurea has been used for more than 30 years, is also found that it can inhibit reproduction of HIV, particularly in the lymphatic system is more sensitive to the virus. If its relationship with India to ritonavir and didanosine combination, the efficacy of the best, and inexpensive Wumart referral. All the above-mentioned drugs, most of them so that HIV is only inhibitory, but not eradicated. To be early treatment and combination therapy (commonly known as cocktail therapy) in order to enhance efficacy, reduce side effects and low toxicity, resistance to slow down.

Application of extracts from some traditional Chinese medicine and the treatment of AIDS is also an important way. If Trichosanthin can kill infected cells, also inhibited HIV-infected T-cell propagation; liquorice polysaccharide can enhance immune function, stimulate the reticuloendothelial system, and enhance the body's natural killer cell activity; bitter gourd proteins T4 cells increased; lucidum with microcirculation, regulating T cells and B cells can stimulate macrophages and natural killer cells, mononuclear cells to secrete interleukin-and tumor necrosis factor, to curb the excessive immune response . There are a number of traditional Chinese medicine has a role in regulating immune function. Increase in T cells, such as aspartic and yi ren; increase in white blood cells involved dangshen; enhance neutrophil phagocytosis of mushrooms; induced interferon produced with white lentils astragaloside; enhance the antibody, complement activity Guizhi, Polygonatum and mushrooms; generated by the promotion of immunoglobulin, such as Astragalus and epimedium. In the compound of traditional Chinese medicine, Xiao Chai Hu Tang on the AIDS virus have a stronger inhibitory effect, so that infected cells, supporting cells and natural killer T cells are significantly increased. Although many anti-AIDS drugs in the body of HIV once control to the extent of almost not detected, but will be revived soon. Therefore, anti-AIDS vaccine research and development has always been a dream long-cherished wish of people. However, due to the coexistence of virus and antibodies in the blood, and the cell-surface antigens did not, it is difficult to be recognized by immune cells, it has long been very difficult. Fortunately, now artificial separation of the virus, but also for training and breeding, for the creation of new vaccines has brought a ray of hope.

康生丹四代新药，化学名—三合皂甙分类引述