同性恋,艾滋病及其他
雅虎资讯 文/江华, Damien Lu,爱白文化教育中心
2009-11-17
对于中国社会的大多数成员,同性恋是一个令人羞于启齿更不宜讨论但又众所周知其存在的现象,大多数人在谈到这个事时,都可能会抱着一种莫名的窘迫、一种难以言传的紧张,赶紧转到另一个话题,在大众的心目中,同性恋,总是与“不正常”、“有毛病”以及“不道德”等概念联系在一起。然而,事实却并非如此。
我们首先来琢磨一下这些常被抛出来的词语以及它们所代表的概念——“正常”和“异常”,“疾病”与“健康”,“道德”与“不道德”。一个根本的问题是,如何确定这些相互对立的概念的界限?就以“正常”与“不正常”来说,毫无疑问,在我们讨论的这个问题的层面上,“不正常”意指一种与多数人不同的行为和生活方式;那么是要多少人所共有的行为,才算是“正常”呢?需要总人口的百分之几?在大家印象中,似乎四川人都喜欢吃辣的,但我就知道成都人中有完全不能吃辣的,这是不是就“不正常”呢?
更重要的是,在这里“不正常”(“异于常人”)被打上了道德的印记,换句话说, “正常”与否直接关乎“正确”。尤其是因为涉及到性,性的正确或不正确在中国是一个很严重的道德问题。在此种逻辑之下,同性恋被视为不道德的行为。
然而,为什么一种自然的性行为会面临如此的道德尴尬呢?看看今日世界,多元化和差异化正成为我们社会发展的巨大动力,难以理解为什么独独在同性恋问题上人们的态度如此落后。更不用说,大量的行为科学和神经科学证据早已发现:同性性倾向是人类乃至动物界正常的性倾向之一。同性恋也并非是任人随意选择的生活方式,而是先天形成的自然行为。
之所以同性恋在今日社会中成为许多人歧视、指责的对象,还在于不少人认为他们应当对艾滋病负责,他们认为是在这个人群中,艾滋病开始爆发并流行开来。可真的是他们那种“不正常”的行为导致了这种可怕疾病的飞速蔓延吗?这种说法看来有理,其实却不源于事实。虽然艾滋病最初被西方医学界发现时,是首先在美国男同性恋群体内,但实际上从世界来看,异性之间的传播是占首位的。 中国目前也是如此,卫生部在2007年11月29日发布的《中国艾滋病防治联合评估报告(2007年)》中指出:“2007年……在5万新发感染者中,异性性传播占44.7%,男男性传播占12.2%,注射吸毒传播占42%,母婴传播占1.1%。”
这与目前媒体上常见的观点,以及社会上很多人的错误理解,形成鲜明的对照。这项评估的结果显示,虽然男男性传播是一个很重要的途径,但目前并非首要途径,异性性接触造成的感染远多于高于男男性传播。
随着社会的发展,人群交往的频繁,几乎所有传染病的发生和蔓延几率都较以前为大。不正是由于人群的迁徙和商业活动的加速,才导致历史上一次比一次更为猛烈的鼠疫爆发吗?难道我们要因此而谴责一切人类活动吗?事实上,只要社会在变化,人的活动在变化,交往行为在变化,传染病以及一切疾病就会发生变化。艾滋病不过是一个有些特殊而本质上并无多少差别的例子而已。因此,艾滋病从来就不应该单纯的归罪于任何人或活动,它的确是一个我们不得不面对的大问题,但谴责和道德指控不会有任何建设性的作用,反而会使问题变得更糟。
话分两头说。同性恋尤其是男性同性恋人群是艾滋病的易感人群之一,之所以会在这个人群中有如此高的感染率,与许多因素有关。不容忽视的一点是,正是由于普遍存在的对同性恋的污名和歧视,导致很多同志处于极其负面的心理状况中。心理学和社会学诸多研究均证明,在这样的心态和社会生存状态下,个人很容易忽略自身的健康。同时,由于缺乏发展正常情感关系所必须的社会和家庭支持,大量的同志只能在一种匆忙和隐蔽的场景下交往。此种状况下的性,很难是有备而来和注意安全的。讨论“为什么同性恋群体的艾滋病居高不下”,不能忽略这些原因。当不少人在将整个社会的艾滋病问题肇因归结于同志时,更应该反思一下造成这一问题的社会根源。事实上,有证据表明,把艾滋病归因于社会中某一类或几类少数群体,采用漠视、歧视或加以污名对待的做法,不仅无助于疾病的预防和控制,其本身更是疾病在主流群体中大规模流行的催化剂。例如,艾滋病在整个80年代一直是在美国男同志中流行,直到1995年为止,大多数美国异性恋白人男性都还坚信艾滋病是个“同性恋疾病”,认为艾滋病与身为异性恋的自己没有关系。这种观念盛行的后果,是自20世纪90年代后期以来,异性恋美国男性中的艾滋病发病率逐渐上升。
此外,不少人认为,男同性恋人群中存在的“混乱”的性关系是艾滋病的根本原因,并进而认为同志们应该为这一“不道德”的原因而负责。
那么,“多性伴”是否又应该成为一个道德问题呢?这又是一个应该两说的议题。社会学和行为学调查的结论的确支持一点:多性伴的确是男同性恋群体中较为普遍的现象。不过这也并非男同性恋群体的专利,根据中国人民大学潘绥明教授的研究,在“主流”的异性恋群体中,近年来有多性伴行为的人数也在以很快的速度上升。至于多性伴本身是否应该成为道德评判的负面对象,就要用到一条基本的评判标准。无论国际还是国内,大多数伦理学家和社会学者都公认一点:道德的底线应该是“对他人无伤害”。如果是成年人之间在相互自愿的前提下的性关系,并且不涉及对第三人的感情和/或关系伤害,应该说这样的前提下,无论是异性恋还是同性恋,多性伴都不应该再成为一个道德问题。当然,从风险的角度说,无论是同性还是异性,多性伴都会增加艾滋病和性病的传播风险。所以,问题的解决方案在这里依然转化为如何促进人们提高风险意识,善用保护措施,避免感染。在这一问题上需要强调指出的一点是,不能得到社会的认同,没有基本的法律保障,来自家庭的压力等等,使得不少同志难以维持一种固定的一对一情感和性关系。
科学事实证明,性伙伴的数量与感染性病、艾滋病的几率成正比,不论是异性恋还是同性恋,与多人发生性关系都会提高感染几率。但是,在一个有充分选择自由的社会中,只要是自愿自主,个人完全有权利选择自己是有一个,还是多个性伴。这里想强调的只是一个事实,即很多同志之所以无法维持稳定的感情关系,主要是源于社会环境和家庭压力。换一个角度,如果社会能够更宽容一些,将不仅为同性恋者,也将为其他人提供更多的在艾滋病方面的保护。在目前很多中国同性恋最终被迫与异性结婚的情况下,这一点尤其重要。一味地强调同性恋是高危群体,是有很高的误导性的,会使很多异性恋者,产生一种假性的安全感,以为自己不属于高危群体所以是安全的。但实际上由于社会家庭的多重压力,导致很多同性恋者被迫与异性发生性关系、结婚,令所谓高危与非高危的区别失去意义。
正是面临着类似艾滋病的来自社会生活各个层面的挑战,人们不得不重新思考如何相处,怎样交流和合作的问题,这些思考必然关乎人们生活的根本。而同性恋及其与艾滋病的关系为人们的思考提供了一个绝佳的切入点:我们怎样相互关注、尊重和行动,怎样在日常生活中创造与他人相处的关系模式,以及如何对待那些与自己不同的人和他们的生活方式。
最后,在本文结束的时候,希望所有的读者都能注意到以下这几条重要信息。对于艾滋病的预防,无论同性还是异性,这是所有人都值得铭记并带回家去加以实践的终极真理:
1、必须把每个性对象都视为已经感染,坚持每次插入性行为都使用安全套。
2、只有在两人非常明确的确定互相是唯一的性行为对象,并且距离最近一次与其他人发生性行为已经超过3个月以上,同时双方的HIV检测都呈阴性的前提下,方可不用安全套。
3、如果是同性,在套上安全套之前,先在阴茎上涂抹足够量的润滑剂,套上安全套后,再在其外使用足够量的润滑剂,同时被插入方应该用手指在肛门内涂抹润滑剂。使用润滑剂有两个主要目的,一个是为了防止安全套破裂,另一个是提高快感。
4、性活跃的人群(有多个性伙伴),即使每次都正确使用了安全套也应该每个六个月进行一次HIV病毒检测。
(文/江华, Damien Lu,爱白文化教育中心)
Homosexuality, AIDS and other
Yahoo News-Wen / Jiang Hua, Damien Lu, Ai-white cultural and educational center
2009-11-17
For the majority of the members of Chinese society, homosexuality is a matter of discussion but it should not be ashamed to even the existence of well-known phenomenon, most people talk about this matter and are likely to be holding a kind of inexplicable distress, a kind of difficult to articulate the tension quickly to another topic, in the public mind, homosexuality, always with the "abnormal", "defective" and "immoral" and so on together. But the fact is not true.
We first come to refine how these words are often thrown out as well as the concepts they represent - "normal" and "abnormal", "disease" and "health", "moral" and "immoral." A fundamental problem is how to determine the boundaries of the concept of conflicting? Take the "normal" and "abnormal", there is no doubt that we are discussing this issue at the level of "abnormal" means a Most people with different kinds of behavior and lifestyle; So how many people are there to act to be considered as "normal" mean? need a few percent of the total population? impression of everyone, it seems like spicy food from Sichuan's But I know there are people in Chengdu can not spicy food, this is not on the "abnormal" mean?
More importantly, where "abnormal" ( "different from ordinary people") were marked with the moral mark, in other words, "normal" or not directly related to the "right." Especially as related to sex, sexual correct or incorrect in China is a very serious ethical issues. In such a logic, under, homosexuality is considered immoral.
However, why is a natural behavior will face such a moral awkward situation? Take a look at today's world, diversity and differences in the development of our society is becoming a great power, difficult to understand why only that the issue of homosexuality on the people's attitudes so backward . Needless to say, a large number of behavioral science and neuroscience evidence already found that: same-sex sexual orientation is a human and even the animal kingdom, one of the normal sexual orientation. Homosexuality is not chosen at random is a fancy way of life, but rather the formation of the natural behavior of a priori.
The reason why homosexuality in today's society for many victims of discrimination, accusing the object, but also because many people think that they should be responsible for AIDS, they believe in this population, AIDS began erupting and popular. That they can be really kind of "abnormal" behavior has led to the rapid spread of this terrible disease do? This argument seems reasonable, in fact, stems from the fact that not. Although AIDS was first discovered the Western medical community is the first in the United States within the gay community, but in fact from the world point of view, heterosexual transmission accounted for the first place. China is currently the case, the Ministry of Health November 29, 2007 "issued by the Joint Assessment Report of China's AIDS prevention and treatment (2007)," pointed out: "2007 ... ... 5 million new infections in heterosexual transmission accounted for 44.7 % MSM transmission accounted for 12.2%, injection drug use transmission accounts for 42%, mother to child transmission accounted for 1.1%. "
This is a common view on the current media community as well, a lot of people misunderstood, in sharp contrast. Results of this assessment showed that although men and male transmission is a very important way, but not the primary means of infections caused by heterosexual contact than men and men far more than communication.
With the development of society, the frequent contacts between people, almost all the risk of the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases are larger than the old. It is precisely because the crowd are not migratory and commercial activities of the acceleration time in history that led to more violent than the last plague outbreak? Do we have to be condemned all human activities? In fact, as long as society is changing, people's activities in changes in communication behavior change, infectious diseases and all diseases will change. AIDS is a somewhat special, however, is essentially no difference between the number of examples. Thus, AIDS never be simple to blame any person or activity, it is indeed a big problem we have to face, but the moral condemnation and accusations will not have any constructive role, but will make the problem even more bad.
If sub-swings both ways. In particular, the male homosexual homosexual population is susceptible of AIDS is one reason that in this crowd there were such a high infection rate, with many factors. Can not be overlooked is that precisely because of widespread stigma and discrimination against gay, leading to many comrades in a very negative psychological situations. Psychology and sociology, many studies have shown that in such a state of mind and social survival of the individual is very easy to overlook their own health. At the same time, the lack of development of normal emotional relationships necessary for the social and family support, a large number of comrades can only be in a hurry and covert communication scenarios. The nature of such a situation it is difficult to come prepared and pay attention to safety. Discuss the "why gay groups, AIDS remains high," can not ignore those reasons. When many people in the society as a whole due to causes AIDS, comrades, the result should reflect the social roots of the problem. In fact, there is evidence that the AIDS attributed to a certain type of society, or categories of minorities, the use of neglect, discrimination or stigma to the practice of treatment, not only conducive to disease prevention and control of the disease itself is pandemic in the mainstream group in the catalyst. For example, throughout the 80 years of AIDS in the United States has always been popular among male comrades, until the 1995 date, the majority of U.S. heterosexual white men are also firmly believe that AIDS is a "gay disease" that heterosexual AIDS and who themselves does not matter. Prevalence of the consequences of this concept, since the 20th century, since the late 90s, heterosexual men in the United States gradually increased the incidence of AIDS.
In addition, many people believe that gay people exist in the "chaos" of sexual relations are the root causes of AIDS, and thus that the comrades should be for this "immoral" for reasons.
So, "many sexual partners," whether they should become a moral issue? This is another one that should be two issues. Sociological and behavioral conclusion of the investigation did support one thing: multiple sex partners gay groups are indeed more common phenomenon. But this is not gay groups in the patent, according to the Chinese People's University Professor Pan Suiming research in "mainstream" heterosexual groups, in recent years, the number of acts of multiple sexual partners are also rising at a rate to fast. As for the multiple sex partners should be the moral judge on whether the negative object, it is necessary to use a basic evaluation criterion. Either the international or domestic, most ethicists and sociologists have recognized one thing: the moral bottom line should be "no harm to others." If it is among adults under the premise of mutual voluntary sexual relations, and does not involve a third person's feelings and / or relationship damage, we should say that such a premise, whether heterosexual or homosexual, multiple sex partners are not should no longer be a moral issue. Of course, from a risk point of view, whether homosexual or heterosexual, multiple sexual partners increases the risk of transmission of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, the solution to the problem is still here, into how to promote risk awareness, use of protective measures to avoid infection. In this issue needs to be emphasized that the point is that can not be accepted by the community, there is no basic legal protection from family pressures, etc., making it difficult to maintain a fixed number of comrades-one emotional and sexual relations.
Scientific facts have proven that the number of sexual partners and sexually transmitted diseases, HIV risk is proportional to, whether heterosexual or homosexual, sexual relations with the People's will improve the chances of infection. However, in a society full freedom of choice, as long as a voluntary independent, have every right to choose their own individual there is one, or multiple sexual partners. Here I would like to emphasize is the fact that the reason why many comrades can not maintain a stable emotional relationship, primarily because of the social environment and family pressure. From another angle, if society can be more tolerant, and will not only homosexuals, but also for other people to provide more in AIDS protection. In the current eventually forced many Chinese gay marriage case with the opposite sex, this is especially important. Blindly emphasized that homosexuality is high-risk groups, there is a highly misleading, and will make a lot of heterosexuals, to produce a false sense of security, thinking that they do not belong to high-risk groups, it is safe. But in fact due to the multiple social and family pressures, resulting in many homosexuals were forced to have sexual relations with the opposite sex, get married, so that the so-called high-risk and non-high-risk difference between meaningless.
It is faced with a similar AIDS at all levels from the challenges of social life, people have to rethink how to get along, how to exchange and cooperation of the question, thought not necessarily related to people's lives. The relationship between homosexuality and its relationship with AIDS in thinking for people to provide an excellent starting point: How do we mutual interest, respect and action, and how in their daily lives to create the pattern of relationships with others, as well as how to treat those different from their own people and their way of life.
Finally, at the end of this article, hope that all readers of these articles can be noted the following important information. For AIDS prevention, whether homosexual or heterosexual, it is all worth remembering, and take home to practice, the ultimate truth:
1, must have regarded as sexual objects for each infection, adhere to each insert having sex are using condoms.
2, only in two very clear identification of each is the only sexual objects, and the distance from the most recent having sex with other people over more than 3 months, while the two sides were tested negative for HIV testing, under the premise may used a condom.
3, if it is same-sex, the condom put on before the penis sufficient amount of lubricant on the smear, wear a condom, the longer its external use of an adequate amount of lubricant, while Japan should be inserted in the anus with your fingers inside the smear lubricant. There are two main purpose of the use of lubricant, a condom is to prevent rupture, and the other is to increase pleasure.
4, sexually active population (multiple sexual partners), even though every time the correct use of condoms should also be conducted every six months, HIV virus.
(Text / Jianghua, Damien Lu, Ai-white cultural and educational center)
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