1 中国独特的地形与风向
众所周知,中国地形北高南低,西高东低,四川盆地象锅底,长江是四川盆地与其东部湖南、湖北、安徽、江西等省的重要气流交换通道。当强冷西北利来气流横扫中国时,由于地形的阻碍作用,冷空气会比同纬度的四川盆地先期到达东北部诸省。如果没有三峡大坝的阻碍,四川盆地聚集的相对暖湿的空气会迅速通过三峡等东进通道迅速东进,东部诸省最多只会造成小范围的积雪或雨雪天气。三峡的另一个效应是其容量巨大的水库为相对暖湿的盆地空气提供源源不断的暖湿水源,整个三峡水库水面宽达1000余平方公里。整个三峡大坝就象一堵墙,更加形象地说是一架超级卷扬机,东进暖湿空气犹如被三峡大坝高高扬起,从与在东部省份早已控制的冷空气形成对冲,造成盆地以东省份持续的降雪或雨雪天气,其中湖南北低南高的地形使得其在冲击中遭受的风雪程度最大,事实亦是如此。
2 三峡在西北利亚冷空气横扫时的风力
当西北利亚强冷空气横扫中国大陆时,三峡风力应该在7-9级,平均风速达到14
风力等级 |
陆地地面物体征象 |
相当风速 |
|
公里/时 |
米/秒 |
||
0 |
静,烟直上。 |
小于1 |
0~ 0.2 |
1 |
烟能表示风向。 |
1-5 |
0.3~1.5 |
2 |
人面感觉有风,树叶微动。 |
6~11 |
1.6~3.3 |
3 |
树叶及微技摇动不息,旌旗展开。 |
12~19 |
3.4~5.4 |
4 |
能吹起地面灰尘和纸张,树的小枝摇动。 |
20~28 |
5.5~7.9 |
5 |
有叶的小树摇摆,内陆的水面有小波。 |
29~38 |
8.0一10.7 |
6 |
大树枝摇动,电线呼呼有声,举伞困难。 |
39~49 |
10.8~13.8 |
7 |
全树动摇,迎风步行感觉不便。 |
50~61 |
13.9~17.l |
8 |
微枝折毁,人向前行感觉阻力甚大。 |
62~74 |
17.2~20.7 |
9 |
草房遭受破坏,大树枝可折断。 |
75~88 |
20.8~24.4 |
10 |
树木可被吹倒,,一般建筑物遭破坏。 |
89~102 |
24.5~28.4 |
11 |
陆上少见,大树可被吹倒,一般建筑物遭严重破坏。 |
103~117 |
28.5~32.6 |
12 |
陆上绝少,其催毁力极大。 |
118~133 |
32.7~36.9 |
13 |
|
134~149 |
37.0~41.4 |
14 |
|
150一166 |
41.5~46.1 |
15 |
|
167~183 |
46.2——50.9 |
16 |
|
184~201 |
51.0~56.0 |
17 |
|
202~220 |
56.1——61.2 |
3 气流通过能力计算
截面面积 |
风速 |
24时(立方米) |
7*24时(立方米) |
15*24时(立方米) |
30*24时(立方米) |
373237.5 |
4 |
128,990,880,000 |
902,936,160,000 |
1,934,863,200,000 |
3,869,726,400,000 |
373237.5 |
5 |
161,238,600,000 |
1,128,670,200,000 |
2,418,579,000,000 |
4,837,158,000,000 |
373237.5 |
6 |
193,486,320,000 |
1,354,404,240,000 |
2,902,294,800,000 |
5,804,589,600,000 |
373237.5 |
7 |
225,734,040,000 |
1,580,138,280,000 |
3,386,010,600,000 |
6,772,021,200,000 |
373237.5 |
8 |
257,981,760,000 |
1,805,872,320,000 |
3,869,726,400,000 |
7,739,452,800,000 |
373237.5 |
9 |
290,229,480,000 |
2,031,606,360,000 |
4,353,442,200,000 |
8,706,884,400,000 |
373237.5 |
10 |
322,477,200,000 |
2,257,340,400,000 |
4,837,158,000,000 |
9,674,316,000,000 |
373237.5 |
11 |
354,724,920,000 |
2,483,074,440,000 |
5,320,873,800,000 |
10,641,747,600,000 |
373237.5 |
12 |
386,972,640,000 |
2,708,808,480,000 |
5,804,589,600,000 |
11,609,179,200,000 |
373237.5 |
13 |
419,220,360,000 |
2,934,542,520,000 |
6,288,305,400,000 |
12,576,610,800,000 |
373237.5 |
14 |
451,468,080,000 |
3,160,276,560,000 |
6,772,021,200,000 |
13,544,042,400,000 |
373237.5 |
15 |
483,715,800,000 |
3,386,010,600,000 |
7,255,737,000,000 |
14,511,474,000,000 |
373237.5 |
16 |
515,963,520,000 |
3,611,744,640,000 |
7,739,452,800,000 |
15,478,905,600,000 |
373237.5 |
17 |
548,211,240,000 |
3,837,478,680,000 |
8,223,168,600,000 |
16,446,337,200,000 |
373237.5 |
18 |
580,458,960,000 |
4,063,212,720,000 |
8,706,884,400,000 |
17,413,768,800,000 |
373237.5 |
19 |
612,706,680,000 |
4,288,946,760,000 |
9,190,600,200,000 |
18,381,200,400,000 |
373237.5 |
20 |
644,954,400,000 |
4,514,680,800,000 |
9,674,316,000,000 |
19,348,632,000,000 |
4 通过气流中含水量计算
假设通过的湿气流中每立方米含水
风速 |
24时(千克) |
7*24时(千克) |
15*24时(千克) |
30*24时(千克) |
4(米/秒) |
103,192,704,000 |
722,348,928,000 |
1,547,890,560,000 |
3,095,781,120,000 |
5 |
128,990,880,000 |
902,936,160,000 |
1,934,863,200,000 |
3,869,726,400,000 |
6 |
154,789,056,000 |
1,083,523,392,000 |
2,321,835,840,000 |
4,643,671,680,000 |
7 |
180,587,232,000 |
1,264,110,624,000 |
2,708,808,480,000 |
5,417,616,960,000 |
8 |
206,385,408,000 |
1,444,697,856,000 |
3,095,781,120,000 |
6,191,562,240,000 |
9 |
232,183,584,000 |
1,625,285,088,000 |
3,482,753,760,000 |
6,965,507,520,000 |
10 |
257,981,760,000 |
1,805,872,320,000 |
3,869,726,400,000 |
7,739,452,800,000 |
11 |
283,779,936,000 |
1,986,459,552,000 |
4,256,699,040,000 |
8,513,398,080,000 |
12 |
309,578,112,000 |
2,167,046,784,000 |
4,643,671,680,000 |
9,287,343,360,000 |
13 |
335,376,288,000 |
2,347,634,016,000 |
5,030,644,320,000 |
10,061,288,640,000 |
14 |
361,174,464,000 |
2,528,221,248,000 |
5,417,616,960,000 |
10,835,233,920,000 |
15 |
386,972,640,000 |
2,708,808,480,000 |
5,804,589,600,000 |
11,609,179,200,000 |
16 |
412,770,816,000 |
2,889,395,712,000 |
6,191,562,240,000 |
12,383,124,480,000 |
17 |
438,568,992,000 |
3,069,982,944,000 |
6,578,534,880,000 |
13,157,069,760,000 |
18 |
464,367,168,000 |
3,250,570,176,000 |
6,965,507,520,000 |
13,931,015,040,000 |
19 |
490,165,344,000 |
3,431,157,408,000 |
7,352,480,160,000 |
14,704,960,320,000 |
20 |
515,963,520,000 |
3,611,744,640,000 |
7,739,452,800,000 |
15,478,905,600,000 |
5 东部四省降雪量计算
根据1中的原理,假设上述水气全部转化为降雪,雪的密度为
24时积雪厚度 |
7*24时积雪厚度 |
15*24时积雪厚度 |
30*24时积雪厚度 |
1.25 |
8.78 |
18.81 |
37.63 |
1.57 |
10.97 |
23.52 |
47.03 |
1.88 |
13.17 |
28.22 |
56.44 |
2.19 |
15.36 |
32.92 |
65.85 |
2.51 |
17.56 |
37.63 |
75.26 |
2.82 |
19.75 |
42.33 |
84.66 |
3.14 |
21.95 |
47.03 |
94.07 |
3.45 |
24.14 |
51.74 |
103.48 |
3.76 |
26.34 |
56.44 |
112.88 |
4.08 |
28.53 |
61.15 |
122.29 |
4.39 |
30.73 |
65.85 |
131.70 |
4.70 |
32.92 |
70.55 |
141.10 |
5.02 |
35.12 |
75.26 |
150.51 |
5.33 |
37.31 |
79.96 |
159.92 |
5.64 |
39.51 |
84.66 |
169.33 |
5.96 |
41.70 |
89.37 |
178.73 |
6.27 |
43.90 |
94.07 |
188.14 |
6 结语
我们吹嘘的耗资3000亿(若加上被强迫迁移的120万三峡移民应给的合理的按市场价格的补偿成本4800亿)即耗费社会总成本达10000亿元左右的跨世纪的三峡工程,到头来可能成为中国历史上最大的笑话和悲哀,这种悲哀和长城相比会更加令人心痛,因为长城可以成为人类的历史文化遗产,而如果被摧毁的三峡除了伤疤之外就是伤痛。虽然本文章可能有相当多的错误,但后续更加精确和可信的计算和持续的干旱风雪等大规模的天灾,有可能迫使我们歌颂的三峡工程,被迫在我们的下一代被炸掉或摧毁。那些推动和鼓吹三峡的学者、工程师、官员、既得利益者,有可能被钉在历史的耻辱柱上,接受日益民主化的中国公民的审判,象查理十四一样被推上历史的断头台。
此次雪灾,来广州看望父亲生日的老弟也已经被风雪阻隔在郴州24小时,数以十万计的返乡人们还在风雪中饱受风雪和饥饿的困扰,但愿风雪早停,人们平安归途。也希望风雪过后,不要忙于摆庆功酒,不要忙于给抗灾英雄奖励,而应该深刻反省我们的基础建设和抗灾制度的缺陷,对于豆腐渣工程的设计者、建设者追究其责任,给广大受灾群众的一个公道。