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英国中学生的一些思考题  邹蓝

我一个朋友的女儿在英国读寄宿中学，我也熟悉。春节前她有些不太明白的东西要请我帮忙解释解释。通过她家长转发给了我如下三题。估计在中国历史学的本科2年级学生，不一定能立即能用自己的理解来回答。引的英文邮件这几部分不含任何私人信息。

We are learning about the Russian revolution and international relationship between 1919 and 1939 in history recently. There are several points I don’t quite agree with or understand in my studying here. It would be a great pleasure if you can kindly help me with these problems.

我们近期在学习俄国革命及其1919－1939的国际关系。其中有些观点我不太同意，或者不太明白。请你帮忙解释解释。

First, we talked about how Stalin came to power in 1924. He had very strong connections with all the committees in Russia and tricked Trotsky in Lenin’s funeral. But these reasons did not seem to be strong enough to support him to be leader of the country. What do you think of this? Also, China and England seem to have different opinions on Trotsky, Lenin and Stalin. So what makes it that we see them from different angles.

首先，我们讨论了1924年斯大林如何掌权。他与俄国的各委员会关系密切而且在列宁的葬礼上对托洛茨基搞了阴谋。但是这些理由似乎不足以解释为何他强大到足以胜任俄国的领导人位置。你如何看？还有，中国与英国在托洛茨基、列宁和斯大林的观点上有分歧。我们从不同角度来看这些问题是为什么？

Then, we talked about the treaty of Versailles and the formation of the League of Nations. One of the topics in this area of study was the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. First, I am very confused about where the name Manchuria came from. It was without question that the League did very little to stop the Japanese invasion of China. But how did the Japanese invasion changes from only to conquer the land and resources to a holocaust that is inhumane. Had USA not put the atomic bombs in Japan, would the war still end with a Chinese victory?

我们还讨论到凡尔赛合约以及国联的形成。这方面涉及到的一个话题是日本入侵中国东北。首先我很不清楚Manchuria满州这个名词从何而来。显然国联并没有对日本侵略中国做什么阻止的事情。不过日本对华侵略从仅仅想占有土地和资源如何转向了非常不人道的大屠杀呢？如果美国不扔原子弹到日本，战争结果依然会是中国获胜吗？

我如何解释的，就不细说了，因为也只是个人观点。

要说的是，这些问题我不敢随便信口开河，要搜索资料，思考一阵。

这些思考题，英国的中学未必需要学究似的全面精确解释，结论应该是开放的。这些题目训练的是思考和动手检索资料的能力，以及从现有各种观点中，找到自己认同的观点，加上一些自己的理解。

这些思考题，估计在中国大学历史系，二三年级才可能有。而这几个题，只是英国寄宿中学初中高年级的学生面临的问题。

中国的学前教育，小学教育，中学教育，大学教育，比比人家一个环节，就知道差距在哪里了。

2011-2-8