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对艾滋病的偏见源于无知
2010-10-20 01:24:26 来源: 网易
导语：安徽一大学生报考教师并因艾滋病检测呈阳性遭拒录，随后决定起诉当地教育局。10月14日，这起“中国反艾滋就业歧视第一案”开庭，社会各界关于艾滋病人权益的讨论再度掀起。长期以来，“艾滋病”就像一个与生俱来被歧视的词，但也许只有很少人意识到，我们对艾滋病的偏见更多是源自无知。
一、艾滋病，我们不知道的可能还太多
“艾滋病”三个字广为人知，但公众对艾滋病大多一知半解
中国首次发现艾滋病病例，始于1985年。25年过去，中国艾滋病病例以每年30%-40%的速度递增。虽然中国官方和民间组织始终没有放弃对艾滋病防治的宣传，然而，与其他传染性疾病被曝光的程度相比，公众对艾滋病的了解还太浅。由于宣传上的各种原因，大部分人不仅对艾滋病预防的相关知识掌握程度不高，科普对于艾滋病相关问题的普及，可谓收效甚微。
在2007年的一篇公开报道曾报道一个典型例子：一名大四的医学院学生，曾因怀疑自己得了艾滋病而向卫生部求助，卫生部后来派人检查后发现，他得的是“恐艾症”。据另一份针对青年学生的调查显示，学生普遍对艾滋病“可通过血液和母婴途径传播”的知晓率较高，但对蚊虫叮咬不会传播艾滋病的知晓率则较低（正确回答的54%）。“艾滋病”三个字早已家喻户晓，但大部分人只知艾滋病不可治愈，对致病原因和传播机理则多为一知半解。
6成官员不知艾滋病疫苗不存在，半数认同扫黄禁毒是防艾唯一途径
如果公众对于艾滋病的一知半解尚可理解，在本应引导公众认知的官员层级，情况却更让人感到沮丧。2005年9月至2006年10月，中央党校教授靳薇曾对3000名省地厅级和县处级官员进行艾滋病知晓率调查发现，尽管参与调查的15个省市地方官员文化程度都在大学以上，却只有不足4成受访者知道艾滋病疫苗尚未问世，有近一半受访者同意“扫黄禁毒打非是防止艾滋病扩散的唯一途径”。
此外，靳薇还透露，“中央政府已经要求各级地方政府公开疫情，但一些地方政府出于社会安定和经济利益等方面的考虑，仍然在对公众隐瞒疫情。”她主持的调查公布后，另一名党校教授也表示，一些地区仍然将艾滋病疫情作为“核心机密”对待。她还称自己所在城市，很多官员甚至不知道本地已出现艾滋病毒感染者和患者。（据《南方周末》2006年报道）
二、我们也许了解艾滋病，但不一定了解偏见
已有研究证实，对艾滋病的“污名化”（AIDS Stigmatization，即赋予艾滋病非社会赞许的“受损身份”），严重影响了艾滋病的干预、预防和治疗以及艾滋病患者的生活。在中国，多层次的“污名化”让公众愈发难以理性认识艾滋病。
恐惧式宣传让公众形成刻板印象，过分强调并发症引发“集体歧视”
1987年的荷赛摄影作品展上，曾展出了艾滋病人“满身带血的疮孔”的作品；1993年，在已故歌王迈克尔·杰克逊的作品《Gone too soon》中，一位花季少年感染了艾滋病毒后迅速枯槁的形象，又通过歌词呈现在听众面前——“艾滋病就是吞噬人类健康的恶魔”的刻板现象，大多就是通过这些让人不寒而栗的形象形成的。
在艾滋病传入中国早期，诉诸恐惧效应的宣传也是当时艾滋病防治宣传的主要手段。“恐惧式宣传”所造成的最显著负面效应之一，就是引发其他健康的人群所谓的“自我保护意识”：由于害怕“引火烧身”，大部分位被感染的人就“抱团”排斥艾滋病人、一定程度上构成了 “集体歧视”。
国外针对艾滋病“污名化”最早的研究指出，这种对艾滋病的歧视跟公众对于其他疾病的歧视无异，如不少国家和地区都存在对麻疯病、肺结核、精神病和肥胖症等疾病的歧视，都是由疾病所具有的生理特性所引起的歧视。过分强调“病症”以达到一定“恐吓效应”的宣传，无异于一开始就让公众戴着“有色眼镜”了解艾滋病。
认识艾滋往往掺杂道德判断，成“同性恋”、“滥交”代名词
据官方统计，2009年全国HIV感染者约74万，性传播的途径又占到新增感染者的50%，其中同性恋患者的比例又在不断上升。在当时沸沸扬扬的报道中，艾滋病再度和“同性恋”、“滥交”、“性生活不洁”等关键词联系在一起。随着学界对艾滋病“污名化”研究的深入，更多的研究表面，单纯的科普并不能完全消灭对艾滋病的歧视和偏见。因为，这里面往往掺杂了道德判断。
艾滋病领域专家Weiner B.就指出，公众对艾滋病的态度常常与（患者）感染的原因联系在一起，如果染病者是因不正当性行为（如嫖娼、滥交等）或吸毒等可控原因而被感染，公众的视线则更加集中于责任推断，更容易对受害人投去负性情绪而不是同情。
在中国，艾滋病患者更可谓深受道德判断和传统认知的“双重夹击”。譬如，因同性性生活或嫖娼而染上艾滋病的患者，通常得不到因其他原因得病的患者所获得的同情与帮助。由于传统文化中对这两种行为的不宽容（尤其是前者），不少人认为，他们既然违背了道德原则，就“罪有应得”。这种价值观并非完全不合理，但可惜的是，大部分针对艾滋病的报道宣传，不仅没有尝试降低这种观点中所带有的抵触情绪，甚至甚少将其隐含的不合理性提出来、以引起公众注意。
社会舆论只呼吁“关注”，却很少提供真实有效的（防艾）信息
虽然，从客观上看，早期造成对艾滋病误解的“污名化”宣传已不多见，但由于新闻报道不专业、倾向性过强和统计不充分等种种原因，中国公众希望全面了解艾滋病的整体状况，依然很困难。清华大学公共管理学院今年发布的《艾滋病防治领域中的NGO》报告指出，政府公布的估计感染人数和实际报告感染人数之间存在巨大的差距；2005年实际报告和发现的感染者仅有14.1万人，绝大多数感染者湮没在普通人群中间。
一份公开学术杂志调查指出，青年学生和青年女性获得艾滋病相关知识的途径，主要是电视（85.02%）、报刊书籍（68.23%）和网络（64.19%）。但这些媒介对艾滋病的报道往往语焉不详，由于难以和科普“接轨”，不仅让“防艾”处于尴尬地位，也无益于从根本上缓冲公众的恐惧感或消灭歧视。例如，除普通人熟知的“性传播”以外，“血传播”（包括商业性采血和治疗时输血）和“静脉吸毒传播”（即IDU）也是中国艾滋病传播的重要渠道，却在公开报道鲜有涉及。如果不知道病因，自然就无从对症下药。
*注：有关艾滋病“污名化”研究，请参阅杨玲等：《艾滋病污名研究述评》，原载《西北师大学报(社会科学版)》2007 年第4 期；以及刘能：《艾滋病、污名和社会歧视：中国乡村社区中两类人群的一个定量分析》。
结语：大多数偏见之所以存在，都源于我们对未知事物的无知。曾有一项对中国乡村艾滋病歧视的研究结果指出，艾滋病感染者身份的公开和社区成员与感染者的日常接触，都可能让社区内对艾滋病的歧视水平下降。无论有意无意，我们对艾滋病的无知、以及由此产生的对艾滋病的集体偏见，既无助于形成所谓的“自我保护”，而只能把艾滋病受害者推向更深的深渊。
2010-10-20 01:24:26 Source: Netease
Lead: Anhui college students apply for a teacher and was denied because of HIV-positive record, and then decided to sue the local Department of Education. October 14, this "China's first case of employment discrimination against HIV," the hearing, the community interest in the discussion on AIDS set off again. For a long time, "AIDS" as an inherent discrimination of the word, but perhaps only a few people realize that we are more prejudice against AIDS is from ignorance.
First, AIDS, and we do not know too much may
"AIDS" in the name widely known, but most of the public little knowledge of AIDS
China's first discovery of AIDS cases began in 1985. Over the past 25 years, China's AIDS cases 30% -40% annual rate of increase. Although the Chinese government and civil society has never given up the propaganda of AIDS prevention, however, and other infectious diseases than the degree of exposure of the public understanding of AIDS is also too light. As propaganda for various reasons, most people not only for AIDS prevention related knowledge is not high, science popularization for AIDS-related issues, can be described with little success.
In 2007 a public reports have reported a typical example: a senior medical students, but had to think she had AIDS assistance to the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Health was sent inspection found that he had a "fear Ai disorder. " According to another survey for young students, the students generally AIDS "can be transmitted through blood and mother to child," the awareness, but to the mosquito bites do not spread AIDS awareness is low (54 correct answers %). "AIDS" in the name has long been a household name, but most people only know that AIDS is not curable, causes and spread of pathogenic mechanisms are much more scanty.
6 as officials know there is no AIDS vaccine, half of the AIDS prevention agree that drug control is the only way anti-vice
If the public has little knowledge of AIDS can still understand, should guide the level of public awareness of the officials, the situation was more frustrating. September 2005 to October 2006, the Central Party School professor Jin Wei told the 3000 provincial prefectural and county levels of AIDS awareness survey officials, despite the 15 provinces participated in the survey of local officials at the university level of education are above, but only less than 4 percent of respondents were aware of AIDS vaccine not yet available, nearly half of the respondents agreed that "anti-vice is to prevent anti-drug fighting the only way the spread of AIDS."
In addition, Jin Wei also said, "The central government has asked local governments at all levels of public outbreak, but some local governments for social stability and economic interests and other considerations, still hiding in the epidemic to the public." She presided over the investigation after the publication of Another Party School professor, also said the AIDS epidemic in some areas will still be a "core secrets" treatment. She also said their city, many officials do not even know the local people living with HIV has emerged and patients. (According to "Southern Weekend" 2006 report)
Second, we may learn about AIDS, but not necessarily understand the bias
It has been confirmed that the AIDS "stigma" (AIDS Stigmatization, social desirability of non-AIDS, given that the "impaired capacity"), a serious impact on AIDS intervention, prevention and treatment, and the lives of AIDS patients. In China, the multiple levels of "stigma" of the public to become more difficult for rational knowledge of AIDS.
The formation of fear-style propaganda to the public stereotype of complications caused by too much emphasis on "collective discrimination"
Jose, 1987 photo exhibition on AIDS have been exhibited, "covered in blood pitting" of the work; 1993, Michael Jackson, the late King of the works of "Gone too soon", one for teenagers living with HIV quickly withered after the image, presented in front of an audience through the lyrics - "AIDS is the demon devoured human health," the phenomenon of the stereotype, most of these people is through the formation of the image of chilling.
AIDS was introduced into China in the early effect of publicity is to resort to fear AIDS was the primary means of publicity. "Fear-style propaganda" created by one of the most significant negative effect is caused by other health groups called "self-protection": the fear of "backfire", most of the infected person bit "Baotuan" exclusion of people with AIDS, a certain extent, constitutes a "collective discrimination."
Abroad for AIDS "stigma" of the first reports indicate that discrimination against AIDS with the public is no different for other diseases of discrimination, such as exists in many countries and regions of leprosy, tuberculosis, mental illness and obesity and other diseases discrimination, are made with the physiological characteristics of disease caused by discrimination. Too much emphasis on the "illness" in order to achieve a certain "intimidation effect" of the propaganda, no different from the outset the public wearing a "colored glasses" about AIDS.
HIV awareness is often doped with moral judgments, as "gay", "promiscuity," a synonym for
According to official statistics, the 2009 National HIV infected about 74 million, of the mode of transmission has accounted for 50% of new infections, the proportion of patients in which gay and on the rise. Uproar at the time of the report, AIDS again, and "gay," "promiscuous," "dirty sex" and other keywords associated with. As scholars of AIDS "stigma" of research, more research surface science alone can not completely eliminate discrimination and prejudice against AIDS. Because, there is often a mix of moral judgments.
Weiner B. AIDS experts pointed out that often the attitude of the public on AIDS and (patients) cause of the infection associated with, if the disease were due to improper sexual behavior (such as prostitution, promiscuity, etc.) or drug abuse control reasons infected, the public's attention is more focused on the responsibility of inference and easier to cast the victims of negative emotion rather than sympathy.
In China, AIDS patients can be described by a more traditional understanding of moral judgments and the "double attack." For example, because homosexual sex or prostitution in patients infected with AIDS, get sick for other reasons not usually obtained in patients with sympathy and help. Because the traditional culture of the two acts of intolerance (especially the former), many people think that since they are contrary to moral principles, to "deserve." This value is not entirely unreasonable, but unfortunately, most of the reports for the AIDS advocacy, not only did not try to reduce some of this view in the resistance brought, or even implied little unreasonable to put forward to public attention.
Public opinion calls for only "concern", but rarely provide a real and effective (AIDS prevention) information
Although, from an objective point of view, the early misunderstanding of AIDS caused by the "stigma" of propaganda have been rare, but because news reports are not professional, too strong and the statistical bias and inadequate for various reasons, the Chinese public hopes for a comprehensive understanding of AIDS the overall situation remains very difficult. Tsinghua University released this year "in the field of AIDS prevention NGO" report, the Government announced that the estimated number of infections and the actual number of infections reported there is a huge gap between; 2005 report and found effective only 141,000 infected persons people buried in the vast majority of infected persons among the general population.
A public survey of academic journal that the young students and young women to get AIDS-related knowledge, means mainly television (85.02 percent), newspapers and books (68.23%) and networks (64.19%). However, these media reports often did not elaborate on AIDS, due to the difficulty and the popular "standards", not only to "AIDS Prevention" in an awkward position, but also not conducive to the public from a fundamental fear of the buffer or eliminate discrimination. For example, in addition to ordinary people known as the "sexually transmitted" outside "blood spread" (including the treatment of commercial blood collection and blood transfusion) and the "spread of intravenous drug use" (ie, IDU) is an important channel for the spread of AIDS in China, but rarely reported in the open are involved. If you do not know the cause, naturally, impossible to remedy.
* Note: For AIDS "stigma" of study, please refer to the Yangling Deng: "A Review of AIDS stigma," Published in "Northwest Normal University (Social Science Edition)" No. 4, 2007; and Liu to: " AIDS, stigma and social discrimination: two populations of Chinese rural communities, a quantitative analysis. "
Conclusion: Most of the bias exists, stem from our ignorance of the unknown. A study of AIDS in rural China had findings of discrimination that people living with HIV as a public and community members in daily contact with an infected person, may allow the discrimination of AIDS within the community levels. Whether consciously or unconsciously, we are ignorant about AIDS, and the resulting collective prejudice against AIDS, neither help to form a so-called "self-protection", but only to push deeper into the abyss of AIDS victims.
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