（本卷考试时间150分钟）
　　（英语专业）
　　
　　I.Define the following terms with examples:(24%)
　　 1. bound morphemes
　　 2. allophones
　　 3. hyponymy
　　 4. utterance-meaning
　　 5. overgeneralization
　　 6. blending (of word formation)
　　 7.linguistic competence
　　 8.macrosociolinguistics
　　
　　II. Judge if the following statements are true or false, If you think a certain statement is false, explain briefly why you think so:(36%)
　　( )1. The Cooperative principle proposed by the American philosopher P. Grice aims to explain how speakers perform acts with the utterances they make.
　　( )2. By saying “The soup is tasteless,” the speaker may be performing the illocutionary act of “requesting” in a certain situation.
　　( )3. A sentence which is grammatically well-formed necessarily makes sense semantically.
　　( )4. English is rich in synonyms mainly because it has numerous regional varieties such as American English, British English, and Canadian English, which often have different words to denote the same object.
　　( )5. Entailment is a semantic relation of inclusion; thus the statement “He is married”entails“He has a wife.”
　　( )6. Human beings are born with ability to acquire language; nevertheless, human language is culturally transmitted, i.e. it has to be taught and learned.
　　( )7. Aspiration is a universal phonological feature; therefore, it distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.
　　( )8. An important difference between semantics and pragmatics is that the former traditionally studies meaning as an inherent, abstract property of language itself while the latter studies meaning as something concrete, realized in the course of communication.
　　( )9. Pairs of antonyms such as dead and alive, man and woman are called complementary antonyms because the denial of one member of a pair results in the assertion of the other.
　　( )10. Sentences are considered grammatical if they are judged by native speakers, instead of grammarians, to be well-formed sentences.
　　( )11. Some languages change with time, while others are immune to linguistic change.
　　( )12. A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.
　　( )13. Sociolinguists are interested in “terms of address” because they offer some socio-cultural information about the type of relationship between the speaker and the hearer.
　　( )14. Linguistic variables are rule-governed and constrained by social variables.
　　( )15. The speaker's internalized system of rules refers to one's linguistic competence instead of linguistics performance or communicative competence.
　　( )16. In general, languages change in the direction of more complication and elaboration.
　　( )17. Pidgins differ from creoles in that pidgins are used as the primary language and acquired by children as their native language while creoles do not have native speakers.
　　( )18. Sociolinguistics is a sub-field of linguistics that studies language variation and language use in social context.
　　
　　III. Answer any FIVE of the following six questions:(40%)
　　 1. Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguists tend to regard speech as primary. Why?
　　 2. (1)Complete the following descriptions of phonemes by filling in the missing feature;
　　 (i) [f]-voiceless, labiodental,__________________
　　 (ii) {}-voiced,nasal,_________________
　　 (iii) [t]-voiceless, affricate,________________
　　 (iv) [u:]-back,rounded,long,_______________
　　 (2) Identify the phoneme according to the features given:
　　 (i) voiced,dental,fricative-[ ]
　　 (ii) voiceless,velar,stop-[ ]
　　 (iii)palatal, voiced,glide-[ ]
　　 (iv) central,semi-close,tense-[ ]
　　 3. The notion of “context” is important in the study of pragmatics. Define the notion first, and then explain with examples why it is important.
　　 4. Different theories of child language acquisition have been advanced. Discuss two contrasting views with reference to the behaviorist and nativist models.
　　 5. It is widely recognized that language change is inevitable, constant, and universal, With examples, provide explanations for some major factors that trigger language change.
　　 6. According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life. How, in your view, does language relate to thought and culture.

2001年10月全国自考现代语言学真题
一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。

全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试
现代语言学试题
课程代码：00830

I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20％)
1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ； phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. (      )
A. sounds units                                              
B. sound features 
C. phonemes                                                  
D. allophones

2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· (      )
A. writing                                                      
B. orthography 
C. transcription                                             
D. phonology

3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. (      )
A. Bound                                                       
B. Free 
C. Inflectional                                               
D. Derivational

4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. (      )
A. Lexical                                                      
B. Phrasal 
C. Semantic                                                   
D. Logical

5. In semantic analysis of a sentence， a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication， largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. (      )
A. argument                                                  
B. subject 
C. object                                                        
D. attribute

6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking， linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. (      )
A. performative                                              
B. constative 
C. illocutionary                                               
D. perlocutionary

7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest， Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. (      )
A. vocabulary                                                 
B. pronunciation 
C. morphology                                               
D. syntax

8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. (      ) A. bilingualism                                                
B. multilingualism 
C. diglossia                                                    
D. code-switching

9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. (      )
A. Wernicke’s                                                
B. Broca’s 
C. Gage’s                                                       
D. Genies

10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. (      ) A. planned speech                                           
B. writing
C. career-oriented exam                                  
D. casual and spontaneous conversation

II. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11. M  linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not.
12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels. 
13. A  r is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word. 
14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called an  e  clause. 
15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：nwords and borrowed words. 
16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d 17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a       thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the agentive suffix. 
18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflects  s       in society. 
19. The c   period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.  20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t   sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation. 
III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％)
21. (      )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations. 
22. (      )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.  23. (      )Xbar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.  24. (      )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.  25. (      )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence. 
26. (      )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle， they do not always observe these maxims strictly.  27. (      )The Great Vowel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.  28. (      )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety. 
29. (      )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.  30. (      )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human， except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human. 

IV. Directions：Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary.  (3％×10=30％)
31. arbitrariness
32. distinctive features
33. Universal Grammar
34. Move  
35. contextualism
36. comparative reconstruction
37. speech community
38. interpersonal communication
39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism
40. 1anguage acquisition

V. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％)
41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.  1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.
2) The old man put the book on the table. 
3) I think that you are from the South.
42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.

　　1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ）

　　A.the conventional nature of language

　　B.the creative nature of language

　　C.the universality of language

　　D.the big difference between human language and animal communication

　　2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ）

　　A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk

　　3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ）

　　A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical

　　4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ）

　　A.Case Condition B.parameter

　　C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter

　　5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.

　　A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence

　　6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ）

　　A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives

　　7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.

　　A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative

　　8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term.

　　A.title+first name B.title+title

　　C.title alone D.first name+last name+title

　　9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ）

　　A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought

　　C.covert thought D.overt thought

　　10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ）

　　A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation

　　B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings

　　C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language

　　D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use

　　第二部分 非选择题

　　二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。）

　　11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology.

　　12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.

　　13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning.

　　14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other.

　　15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms.

　　16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.

　　17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.

　　18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.

　　19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings.

　　20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________.

　　三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。

　　（ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.

　　（ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension.

　　（ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words.

　　（ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.

　　（ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.

　　（ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true.

　　（ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.

　　（ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.

　　（ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.

　　（ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.

　　四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。）

　　31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language）

　　32.phonic medium of language

　　33.voicing

　　34.inflectional morphemes

　　35.reference

　　36.locutionary act

　　37.protolanguage

　　38.ethnic dialect

　　39.registers

　　40.acculturation

　　五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。）

　　41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements  Support your statement with examples.

　　42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production.

　　全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试

　　现代语言学试题参考答案

　　课程代码：00830

　　一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

　　1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D

　　6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A

　　二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）

　　11.social 12.complementary

　　13.root 14.complex

　　15.complementary 16.utterance

　　17.metathesis 18.bilingualism

　　19.lateralization 20.transfer

　　三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）

　　21.F

　　The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.

　　22.T

　　23.F

　　Some compounds contain more than two words.

　　24.T

　　25.F

　　It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense.

　　26.T

　　27.F

　　The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.

　　28.T

　　29.T

　　30.F

　　Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds.

　　四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）

　　31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.

　　32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds.

　　33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.

　　34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English.

　　35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。

　　36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.

　　37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.

　　38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation.

　　39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects.

　　40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.

　　五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）

　　41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.

　　For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.

　　NP NP

　　NP NP NP NP

　　The old men and the women the old men and the old women

　　42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.

　　When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.

　　When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted.

　　When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.


全国2008年1月现代语言学自考试题

 

Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word , the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11. The core area of linguistics includes phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and s               .
12. Phonetics provides the means to describe the sounds, showing how they differ; phonology tells us that they function as p        , acting to contrast words.
13. Both i____________ morphology and derivational morphology are the two sub-branches of morphology.
14. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words in a sentence shows that the structure of a sentence is l_____________.
15. C_________ synonyms are synonyms that differ in the words they go together with. It is a matter of usage.
16. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, “I swear I have never seen the man before” is among the most typical examples of the r______.
17. Sound a________ refers to sound change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.
18. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d___________ community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.
19. The left hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the r___________ side of the body.
20. Learning is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings while a__________ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. （2%×10=20%）
21.(      ) People can utter a sentence he has never heard or used before. In this sense, human language is creative.
22.(      ) In English both aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops occur. The voiceless aspirated stops   and the voiceless unaspirated stops   occur in the same phonemic context or environment.
23.(      ) Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among languages.
24.(      ) Syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, therefore, the deep structure and surface structure of every sentence look different at its two levels of representation.
25.(      )The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.
26.(      ) Paul Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and“performatives”.
27.(      ) Most of the languages of Europe, Persia (Iran), and the northern part of India belong to the same Indo-European language family. The language, which no longer exists, is called Proto-Indo-European, a term reflecting the earlier linguistic distribution of the speakers of this language family from India to Europe.
28.(      ) In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in :
He don’t know nothing.
He don’t like nobody.
He ain’t got none.
29.(      ) The cerebral cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.
30.(      ) During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.

IV. Dirctions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.（3%×10=30%）
31. applied linguistics
32. diacritics
33. phrase structure rule
34. predicate
35. presupposition
36. cognates
37. creole
38. Wernicke’s area
39. overt thought
40. instrumental motivation

V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41.To what extent can we say that language is culturally transmitted? Explain with examples. Does animal communication have the same feature of cultural transmission?
42. According to John Austin’s new model, please illustrate the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking.