什么是Web应用防护系统


  什么是Web应用防护系统?通俗点说就是网站防御系统,主要是用来防御电脑黑客的入侵盗取商业机密资料,这是一种很实用的应用技术,没有绝对安全的防御系统,随着技术的不断发展,不断有更新的技术替代,目前大多数国家还是采取WAF指纹探测及识别技术,整理相关的技术,分享给大家,作为编程者不妨了解一下,或许还能对你有所启发。
  
  Web应用防护系统(也称:网站应用级入侵防御系统。英文:Web Application Firewall,简称: WAF)。利用国际上公认的一种说法:Web应用防火墙是通过执行一系列针对HTTP/HTTPS的安全策略来专门为Web应用提供保护的一款产品。本文介绍了常见的WAF指纹识别的一些技术,详见如下:
  一、WAF指纹
  Cookie值
  Citrix Netscaler
  “Citrix Netscaler”会在HTTP返回头部Cookie位置加入“ns_af”的值,可以以此判断为Citrix Netscaler的WAF,国内此类WAF很少(这货居然是searchsecurity认定的2013最好的防火墙)。
  一个恶意的请求示例:
  GET / HTTP/1.1
  Host: target.com
  User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0
  Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
  Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
  Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
  Cookie: ASPSESSIONIDAQQSDCSC=HGJHINLDNMNFHABGPPBNGFKC; ns_af=31+LrS3EeEOBbxBV7AWDFIEhrn8A000;ns_af_.target.br_%2F_wat=QVNQU0VTU0lPTklEQVFRU0RDU0Nf?6IgJizHRbTRNuNoOpbBOiKRET2gA&
  Connection: keep-alive
  Cache-Control: max-age=0
  F5 BIG IP ASM
  F5 BiG IP ASM会在Cookie中加入“TS+随机字符串”的Cookie信息,一个非恶意的请求如下:
  GET / HTTP/1.1
  Host: www.target.com
  User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0
  Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
  Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
  Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
  Cookie: target_cem_tl=40FC2190D3B2D4E60AB22C0F9EF155D5; s_fid=77F8544DA30373AC-31AE8C79E13D7394; s_vnum=1388516400627%26vn%3D1; s_nr=1385938565978-New; s_nr2=1385938565979-New; s_lv=1385938565980; s_vi=[CS]v1|294DCEC0051D2761-40000143E003E9DC[CE]; fe_typo_user=7a64cc46ca253f9889675f9b9b79eb66; TSe3b54b=36f2896d9de8a61cf27aea24f35f8ee1abd1a43de557a25c529fe828; TS65374d=041365b3e678cba0e338668580430c26abd1a43de557a25c529fe8285a5ab5a8e5d0f299
  Connection: keep-alive
  Cache-Control: max-age=0
  HTTP响应
  Mod_Security
  Mod_Security是为Apache设计的开源Web防护模块,一个恶意的请求Mod_Security会在响应头返回“406 Not acceptable”的信息。
  请求:
  GET /<script>alert(1);</script>HTTP/1.1
  Host: www.target.com
  User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0
  Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
  Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
  Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
  Connection: keep-alive
  响应:
  HTTP/1.1 406 Not Acceptable
  Date: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:33:03 GMT
  Server: Apache
  Content-Length: 226
  Keep-Alive: timeout=10, max=30
  Connection: Keep-Alive
  Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
  <head><title>Not Acceptable!</title></head><body><h1>Not Acceptable!</h1><p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.</p></body></html>
  WebKnight
  WebKnight是用来设计在IIS下面使用的WAF设备,较为常见。WebKnight会对恶意的请求返回“999 No Hacking”的信息。
  请求:
  GET /?PageID=99<script>alert(1);</script>HTTP/1.1
  Host: www.aqtronix.com
  User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0
  Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
  Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
  Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
  Connection: keep-alive
  响应:
  HTTP/1.1 999 No Hacking
  Server: WWW Server/1.1
  Date: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:14:23 GMT
  Content-Type: text/html; charset=windows-1252
  Content-Length: 1160
  Pragma: no-cache
  Cache-control: no-cache
  Expires: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:14:23 GMT
  F5 BIG IP
  F5 BIG IP会对恶意请求返回“419 Unknown”的信息,如下:
  GET /<script> HTTP/1.0
  HTTP/1.1 419 Unknown
  Cache-Control: no-cache
  Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-15
  Pragma: no-cache
  Content-Length: 8140
  Date: Mon, 25 Nov 2013 15:22:44 GMT
  Connection: keep-alive
  Vary: Accept-Encoding
  dotDefender
  dotDefender用来防护.net的程序,也比较出名,会对恶意请求返回“dotDefender Blocked Your Request”的信息。
  请求:
  GET /---HTTP/1.1
  Host: www.acc.com
  User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:25.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/25.0
  Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
  Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
  Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
  Connection: keep-alive
  Cache-Control: max-age=0
  响应:
  HTTP/1.1 200 OK
  Cache-Control: no-cache
  Content-Type: text/html
  Vary: Accept-Encoding
  Server: Microsoft-IIS/7.5
  X-Powered-By: ASP.NET
  Date: Thu, 05 Dec 2013 03:40:14 GMT
  Content-Length: 2616
  <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">
  <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
  <head>
  <title>dotDefender Blocked Your

 Request</title>
  特定资源文件
  部分特定WAF在返回的告警页面含特定的CSS或者JS文件,可以作为判断的依据,这类情况在WAF类里比较少,实际也可以归并到HTTP响应中。
  看2个样例:
  
  
  二、WAF识别工具
  一些WAF可以自定义返回的消息内容,或者全部返回自定义的404页面或200页面,有一些工具会协助作为WAF设备的识别。
  Wafw00f
  用python编写的一个小工具,开源地址:
  http://code.google.com/p/waffit/source/browse/trunk/wafw00f.py
  Wafw00f用来判断WAF设备的函数如下:
  AdminFolder = '/Admin_Files/'
  xssstring = '<script>alert(1)</script>'
  dirtravstring = '../../../../etc/passwd'
  cleanhtmlstring = '<invalid>hello'
  isaservermatch = 'Forbidden ( The server denied the specified Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Contact the server administrator.  )'
  使用“python wafw00f.py -h”可以查看工具的使用方法,运行示例:
  python wafw00f.py http://www.victim.org/
  基于Cookie的检测
  Wafw00f的探测大部分是基于Cookie的检测。
  F5asm的检测规则如下:
  def isf5asm(self):
  # credit goes to W3AF
  return self.matchcookie('^TS[a-zA-Z0-9]{3,6}=')
  基于响应头的检测
  Profense在响应头会包含'server','profense'的信息。
  def isprofense(self):
  """
  Checks for server headers containing "profense"
  """
  return self.matchheader(('server','profense'))
  sqlmap
  Sqlmap是一款检测和利用SQLi漏洞工具,也是基于python编写,业内认同率较高,sqlmap用来探测WAF类型想比较Wafw00f来说还多一些。
  参考:
  https://github.com/sqlmapproject/sqlmap/tree/master/waf
  Sqlmap用来探测每种WAF设备都是一个python文件,同样是从cookie信息或者返回头信息进行判断。
  以Mod_Security为例
  #!/usr/bin/env python
  """
  Copyright (c) 2006-2013 sqlmap developers (http://sqlmap.org/)
  See the file 'doc/COPYING' for copying permission
  """
  import re
  from lib.core.enums import HTTP_HEADER
  from lib.core.settings import WAF_ATTACK_VECTORS
  __product__ = "ModSecurity: Open Source Web Application Firewall (Trustwave)"
  def detect(get_page):
  retval = False
  for vector in WAF_ATTACK_VECTORS:
  page, headers, code = get_page(get=vector)
  retval = code == 501 and re.search(r"Reference #[0-9A-Fa-f.]+", page, re.I) is None
  retval |= re.search(r"Mod_Security|NOYB", headers.get(HTTP_HEADER.SERVER, ""), re.I) is not None
  if retval:
  break
  return retval
  Sqlmap用来探测WAF的命令如下:
  python sqlmap.py -u “http://www.victim.org/ex.php?id=1” --identify-waf
  貌似必须是或自己修改的类似动态参数才能使用。
  xenoitx
  检测和利用XSS漏洞的神器,WAF检测也是其中的功能之一。