“过去分词”忘不了


“过去分词”忘不了

  请看下题:

  So far nobody has claimed the money ______ in the library. (2010年湖南卷)

  A. discovered

  B. to be discovered

  C. discovering

  D. having discovered

  解析 分析题干结构可知,空缺处要填的词在句中作后置定语修饰the money,再根据the money与discover的被动关系,排除C、D两项;B项表示的是“将要被发现”的意思,不合语境。根据句意“到目前为止还没有人来认领在图书馆被发现的钱”可知,答案为A。

  这道题很显然是考查过去分词。过去分词是高中阶段的一个重要语法内容,只有一种时态和语态形式,主要起形容词或副词的作用,表示被动和完成的意义,在句中作状语、定语、宾语补足语、表语等。

  一、过去分词作状语

  考点解读 过去分词作状语,可表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等,有时可在其前加上连词when, while, if,unless,though 等。通常可相当于原因、时间、条件、方式等状语从句。此时要注意两个要点:一是从句主语必须与主句主语一致;二是从句谓语动词表示的动作是相对稳定的或是有规律性的,且具有被动或完成意义。如:

  Written in a hurry, his English composition was not so good. 因为写得匆忙,他的英语作文不是很好。

  If given another chance, I am sure to work as a volunteer for the Shanghai World Expo. 如果再给我一个机会,我肯定会成为一名上海世博会志愿者。

  Are there any performances planned(=that has been planned) at the opening ceremony for the 16th Asian Games?第16届亚运会开幕式准备了一些什么节目?

  例1 ______ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. (2010年陕西卷)

  A. Seen

  B. Seeing

  C. Have seen

  D. To see

  解析 分析句子结构可知,空缺处是作状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语,非谓语动词与逻辑主语是被动关系,且其动作在谓语动词动作之前已经完成,故用过去分词。答案为A。

  技巧点拨 选择分词时,关键看分词与其逻辑主语的关系,若与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系,就用过去分词;若与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,则用现在分词。

  二、过去分作定语

  考点解读 单个过去分词作定语,一般放在被修饰词之前;过去分词短语作定语时,常放在被修饰词之后,通常可用定语从句替代。此时要注意两点:首先,在被替换的定语从句中,使用的必须是作从句主语的关系代词;其次,定语从句中的谓语动词通常使用表示已经完成或被动的时态。如:

  The fish caught yesterday(which was caught

  yesterday) is still alive. 昨天抓的那条鱼还活着。

  The trees planted by the foreign presidents(which were planted by the foreign presidents) are growing well. 外国总统们种的那些树长势良好。

  例2 Mrs. White showed her students some old maps ______ from the library. (2010年全国卷I)

  A. to borrow

  B. to be borrowed

  C. borrowed

  D. borrowing

  解析 空缺处是作后置定语修饰some old maps,相当于一个定语从句which were borrowed from the library,因此用过去分词。答案为C。

  技巧点拨 过去分词作定语,其逻辑主语就是所修饰的名词或代词,表示一个被动或完成的动作,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

  三、过去分词作宾语足语

  考点解读 过去分词作宾语补足语时表明宾语是该动词的动作对象,动词与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:find, feel, hear, see, have, get, leave, like, keep, expect, want, make 等。如:

  They had all the preparation work for the 16th Asian Games finished ahead of time. 他们让所有第16届亚运会的准备工作提前完成了。(被动)

  The overseas students found the city of Beijing greatly changed. 留学生们发现北京这座城市变化很大。(被动,完成)

  比较 现在分词作宾语补足语时,表示主动意义,宾语是分词动作的执行者,有时还表示动作正在进行。如:

  I found my students studying hard in the class?鄄

  room. 我发现我的学生们正在教室里努力学习。(主动,正在进行)

  We didn’t notice her leaving. 我们没有注意到她离开。(主动)

  例3 Alexander tried to get his work ______ in the medical circles. (2010年辽宁卷)

  A. to recognize

  B. recognizing

  C. recognize

  D. recognized

  解析 分析句子结构可知,空缺处是作his work的宾语补足语,且his work与recognize之间是被动关系,所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。答案为D。

  技巧点拨 过去分词作宾语补足语时,逻辑主语是其前面的宾语,表示一个被动或完成的动作。

  四、过去分词作表语

  考点解读 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成;不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成。过去分词作表语,其实可以看作是过去分词的形容词化,说明的是主语在该动作完成后所处的状态,常用于一般现在时和一般过去时。这类过去分词有interested, moved, discouraged, amused, astonished, surprised, frightened, excited, tired, worried, wounded, injured, pleased, closed, covered, broken, killed, lost, gone, known等。如:

  This window was broken by the naughty boy there. 这个窗户是被那个顽皮的男孩打破的。(既表被动,又表完成)

The news is gone on the Internet. 这一消息在网上消失了。(只表完成)

  注意 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作。如:

  This web page is closed. 这一网页被关闭了。(系表结构)

  This web page was closed by the police. 这一网页是被警察关闭的。(被动语态,表示动作)

  例4 In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained ______ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. (2010年福建卷)

  A. sticking

  B. stuck

  C. to be stuck

  D. to have stuck

  解析 remain在此用作连系动词,接过去分词作表语,表示主语所处的状态。句意为“由于火山灰的原因,四月份仍有成千上万的度假者滞留在国外。”由此可知,答案为B。

  技巧点拨 过去分词作表语,其主语通常是人,意思是“(某人)……的”。

  比较 现在分词作表语时,其主语通常是物,表示主语的特征,意思是“令人……的”。如:

  This kind of work is tiring indeed. 这种工作的确使人疲倦。

  实战演练

  一、 单项选择

  1. It was getting dark; people found a car ______ in mud.

  A. to be stuck

  B. stuck

  C. sticking

  D. stick

  2. The dog, ______, will be made a good watchdog.

  A. to train properly

  B. being trained properly

  C. properly to train

  D. trained properly

  3. ______ the front door ______, he had to enter the room through the back door.

  A. Seen; painted

  B. Seeing; painted

  C. Being seen; being painted

  D. Seeing; being painted

  4. The old farmer, ______ the badly injured and burnt soldier, came out of the burning farmhouse, calling continuously for help.

  A. supporting

  B. having supported

  C. being supported by

  D. being supported

  二、 用括号里动词的适当形式填空

  1. The story Mary told was very ______(interest).

  2. ______ (see) the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree ______(frighten) out of her life.

  3. The situation was a bit ______(discourage).

  4. Most of the teachers ______(invite) to the

  conference were from North China.

  5. A cool rain was falling, ______(mix)with snow.

  6. Do you know the man ______(seat) under

  the tree?

  7. ______(determine) to complete the job on

  time, they set out to work immediately.

  8. ______(leave) alone in the dark room, the little boy was so frightened that he cried.

  9. Mrs. Bush remained ______(surprise) for amoment when an old soldier suddenly appeared in front of her.

  10. All things ______(consider), the planned

  trip will have to be called off.